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Grzeszczak J, Wróblewska A, Bosacka M, Koren ZC, Michalkiewicz B. Studies on the catalytic activities of ZSM-5 zeolites with different aluminum contents in the green oxidation of α-pinene to high value-added products. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Ma Q, Lu J, Yao J, Yin J, Zhang R, Luo F. The synergistic role of acidic molecular sieve on flame retardant performance in PLA/MF@APP composite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Martins RC, Ribeiro SPDS, Rezende MJC, Nascimento RSV, Nascimento MAC, Batistella M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Flame-Retarding Properties of Injected and 3D-Printed Intumescent Bio-Based PLA Composites: The Influence of Brønsted and Lewis Acidity of Montmorillonite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091702. [PMID: 35566871 PMCID: PMC9105856 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of processing intumescent bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites by injection and fused filament fabrication (FFF) was evaluated. A raw (ANa) and two acidic-activated (AH2 and AH5) montmorillonites were added to the intumescent formulation, composed by lignin and ammonium polyphosphate, in order to evaluate the influence of the strength and the nature (Brønsted or Lewis) of their acidic sites on the fire behavior of the composites. The thermal stability and the volatile thermal degradation products of the composites were assessed. The injected and 3D-printed composites were submitted to cone calorimeter (CC), limit oxygen index (LOI), and UL-94 flammability tests. A similar tendency was observed for the injected and 3D-printed samples. The high density of strong Lewis sites in AH2 showed to be detrimental to the fire-retarding properties. For the CC test, the addition of the intumescent composite reduced the peak of heat released (pHRR) in approximately 49% when compared to neat PLA, while the composites containing ANa and AH5 presented a reduction of at least 54%. However, the addition of AH2 caused a pHRR reduction of around 47%, close to the one of the composite without clay (49%). In the LOI tests, the composites containing ANa and AH5 achieved the best results: 39% and 35%, respectively, for the injected samples, and 35 and 38% for the 3D-printed samples. For the composite containing AH2 the LOI values were 34% and 32% for injected and 3D-printed samples, respectively. Overall, the best performance in the flammability tests was achieved by the composites containing clays with only weak and moderate strength acidic sites (ANa and AH5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Carvalho Martins
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone Pereira da Silva Ribeiro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Michelle Jakeline Cunha Rezende
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Regina Sandra Veiga Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
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Li X, Liang D, Hu Z, He J, Bian X, Cui J. Synergistic effects of polyoxometalate‐based ionic liquid‐doped sepiolite in intumescent flame‐retardant high‐density polyethylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Dong Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Jilai He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Xiangcheng Bian
- Department of Materials Engineering Taiyuan Institute of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Jianlan Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology North University of China Taiyuan China
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Kim Y, Lee S, Yoon H. Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:540. [PMID: 33673106 PMCID: PMC7918670 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukyung Kim
- R&D Laboratory: Korea Fire Institute, 331 Jisam-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17088, Korea;
| | - Sanghyuck Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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Synergistic Action of Montmorillonite with an Intumescent Formulation: The Impact of the Nature and the Strength of Acidic Sites on the Flame-Retardant Properties of Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122781. [PMID: 33255516 PMCID: PMC7760006 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A raw montmorillonite (Mt) was submitted to different acidic activation times in order to investigate the influence of the strength and the nature (Brønsted and Lewis) of acidic sites on the synergistic action with an intumescent formulation (IF) composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) when incorporated into a polypropylene (PP) matrix. The acidity of the Mt samples was quantified by ammonia temperature-programmed desorption (TPD-NH3) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with pyridine adsorption. The mineral clays were also characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption analysis and particle size distribution. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limit oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 were performed to evaluate the flame-retardant properties and the thermal stability. The TGA results show that the final residue increased 2 to 3 fold in comparison to the values predicted theoretically. The flammability properties achieved a maximum for the system containing an excess of moderate-strength Brønsted sites relative to the Lewis ones, reaching 38% in the LOI test. This result suggests that the presence of these Brønsted acidic sites is important, as they take part in the esterification reaction between APP and PER which gives rise to the char formation. The FTIR-Pyr adsorption and flammability results indicate that both the nature and strength of the acidic sites influence the flame-retardant properties.
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