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Nowik-Zajac A, Zawierucha I, Lagiewka J, Jaksender K, Witt K, Malina G, Sabadash V. Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Polymer Inclusion Membrane Containing Calix[4]pyrrole. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:92. [PMID: 38668120 PMCID: PMC11051798 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The effective purification of aqueous solutions of methylene blue dye was tested using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) that contained cellulose triacetate (CTA) as a polymer base, o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) as a plasticizer, and meso-tetra methyl tetrakis-[methyl-2-(4-acetlphenoxy)] calix[4]pyrrole (KP) as a carrier. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were used to define the microstructure and surface of PIMs. Experimental results showed that, with an increased concentration of methylene blue in an aqueous solution, the removal percentage also increased. Further observation showed that the flux increased with the rise in the source phase pH values from 3 to 10. The carrier and plasticizer content in the membrane significantly influenced the membrane's transport properties. The optimal composition of the membrane in percent by weight for KP was 74% plasticizer; 18% support, and 8% carrier. The maximum MB removal (93.10%) was achieved at 0.10 M HCl solution as the receiving phase. It was shown that the membrane with optimal composition showed good reusability and enabled the easy and spontaneous separation of methylene blue from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowik-Zajac
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, PL 42200 Czestochowa, Poland; (I.Z.); (J.L.); (K.J.)
| | - Iwona Zawierucha
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, PL 42200 Czestochowa, Poland; (I.Z.); (J.L.); (K.J.)
| | - Jakub Lagiewka
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, PL 42200 Czestochowa, Poland; (I.Z.); (J.L.); (K.J.)
| | - Karolina Jaksender
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, PL 42200 Czestochowa, Poland; (I.Z.); (J.L.); (K.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Witt
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, PL 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Malina
- Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30, PL 30059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Vira Sabadash
- Department of Ecology and Sustainable Environmental Management, Lviv Polytechnic National University, UK 79000 Lviv, Ukraine;
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Khalid NA, Shoparwe NF, Yusoff AH, Sulaiman AZ, Ahmad AL, Azmi NA. Fabrication and Characterisation of MWCNT/Polyvinyl (PVC) Polymer Inclusion Membrane for Zinc (II) Ion Removal from Aqueous Solution. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1020. [PMID: 36295779 PMCID: PMC9607245 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has prompted researchers to establish the most effective method to tackle the impacts of heavy metals on living things and the environment, which include by applying nanoparticles. An example is the employment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an additive in an intermediate membrane or polymer inclusion membrane (PIM). The MWCNTs were added to enhance the properties and reinforce the transport performance of zinc (II) ion (Zn2+) removal from the source phase to the receiver phase by the PIMs. The present study constructed a membrane with a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-based polymer, dioctyl phthalate (DOP) plasticiser, and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (B2EHP) carrier incorporated with different concentrations of MWCNTs. The contact angle (CA), water uptake, ion exchange capacity (IEC), and porosity of the fabricated membranes were evaluated. The membrane was also characterised by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Subsequently, the fabricated PIM (W1) and mixed matrix (MM)-PIM (W2−W5) samples were assessed under different parameters to acquire the ideal membrane composition and effectiveness. Kinetic modelling of Zn2+ removal by the fabricated PIMs under similar conditions was performed to reveal the mechanisms involved. The average removal efficiency of the membranes was >99% at different parameter conditions. Nevertheless, the W3 membrane with 1.0 wt% MWCNT immersed in a 5 mg/L initial Zn2+ concentration and 1.0 M receiver solution for seven hours at pH 2 demonstrated the highest percentage of Zn2+ removal. The experimental data were best fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (PFO) in kinetic modelling, and the permeability and flux of the W3 at optimum conditions were 0.053 m s−1 and 0.0532 mol m−2 s−1, respectively. In conclusion, the transport mechanism of Zn2+ was enhanced with the addition of the MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Aqilah Khalid
- Gold Rare Earth and Material Technopreneurship Centre, Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kota Bharu 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Noor Fazliani Shoparwe
- Gold Rare Earth and Material Technopreneurship Centre, Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kota Bharu 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Hafidz Yusoff
- Gold Rare Earth and Material Technopreneurship Centre, Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kota Bharu 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Ziad Sulaiman
- Gold Rare Earth and Material Technopreneurship Centre, Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kota Bharu 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Latif Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Aina Azmi
- Benua Sunda Cari Gali Sdn Bhd. No 6, Medan Pusat Bandar 1, Seksyen 9, Bandar Baru, Bangi 43650, Selangor, Malaysia
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Separation of Mercury(II) from Industrial Wastewater through Polymer Inclusion Membranes with Calix[4]pyrrole Derivative. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050492. [PMID: 35629819 PMCID: PMC9147343 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymer membranes with immobilized ligands are encouraging alternatives for the removal of toxic metal ions from aquatic waste streams, including industrial wastewater, in view of their high selectivity, stability, removal efficacy and low energy demands. In this study, polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) based on cellulose triacetate, with a calix[4]pyrrole derivative as an ion carrier, were tested for their capability to dispose mercury (Hg(II)) ions from industrial wastewater. The impacts were assessed relative to carrier content, the quantity of plasticizer in the membrane, the hydrocholoric acid concentration in the source phase, and the character of the receiving phase on the performance of Hg(II) elimination. Optimally designed PIMs could be an interesting option for the industrial wastewater treatment due to the high removal efficiency of Hg(II) and great repeatability.
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Minhas MA, Rauf A, Rauf S, Minhas FT, Memon N, Jabbar A, Bhanger MI, Malik MI. Selective and efficient extraction of cationic dyes from industrial effluents through polymer inclusion membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Calixresorcin[4]arene-Mediated Transport of Pb(II) Ions through Polymer Inclusion Membrane. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11040285. [PMID: 33924662 PMCID: PMC8069765 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A facilitated transport of Pb(II) through polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) containing 1,8,15,22-tetra(1-heptyl)-calixresorcin[4]arene and its tetra- and octasubstituted derivatives containing phosphoryl, thiophosphoryl or ester groups as an ion carrier was investigated. The efficiency of Pb(II) removal from aqueous nitrate solutions was considered as a function of the composition of membrane (effect of polymer, plasticizer, and carrier), feed (effect of initial metal concentration and presence of other metal ions) and stripping phases, and temperature of the process conducting. Two kinetic models were applied for the transport description. The highest Pb(II) ions removal efficiency was obtained for the membrane with tetrathiophosphorylated heptyl-calixresorcin[4]arene as an ion carrier. The activation energy value, found from Eyring plot to be equal 38.7 ± 1.3 kJ/mol, suggests that the transport process is controllable both by diffusion and chemical reaction. The competitive transport of Pb(II) over Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III) ions across PIMs under the optimal conditions was also performed. It was found that the Cr(III) ions’ presence in the feed phase disturb effective re-extraction of Pb(II) ions from membrane to stripping phase. Better stability of PIM-type than SLM-type membrane was found.
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Selective Removal of As(V) Ions from Acid Mine Drainage Using Polymer Inclusion Membranes. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is globally recognized as one of the environmental pollutants of the priority concern due to high concentrations of toxic metals and sulfates. More rigorous environmental legislation requires exploitation of effective technologies to remove toxic metals from contaminated streams. In view of high selectivity, effectiveness, durability, and low energy demands, the separation of toxic metal ions using immobilized membranes with admixed extractants could ameliorate water quality. Cellulose triacetate based polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), with extractant and plasticizer, were studied for their ability to transport of As(V) ions from synthetic aqueous leachates. The effects of the type and concentration of extractant, plasticizer content, and sulfuric acid concentration in source phase on the arsenic removal efficiency have been assessed. Under the best of applied conditions, PIM with Cyanex 921 as extractant and o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) as plasticizer showed high repeatability and excellent transport activity for selective removal of As(V) from AMD.
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