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Verdugo P, Santiago D, De la Flor S, Serra À. A Biobased Epoxy Vitrimer with Dual Relaxation Mechanism: A Promising Material for Renewable, Reusable, and Recyclable Adhesives and Composites. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:5965-5978. [PMID: 38638547 PMCID: PMC11022369 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of a novel biobased epoxy monomer derived from vanillin and cystamine, incorporating imine and disulfide exchangeable groups within its structure. A series of epoxy-based vitrimers with two simultaneous exchange relaxation processes have been produced using this monomer. These exchange mechanisms operate without the need for any catalyst. Four different amine curing agents have been employed to achieve vitrimers with glass transition temperatures around 100 °C and excellent thermal stability. Through dynamic-mechanical analyses, thermomechanical properties and vitrimeric characteristics have been investigated, revealing remarkably fast stress relaxation at relatively low temperatures without significant creep below the glass transition temperature. Leveraging the dual exchange mechanism, the chemical degradability of these vitrimers has been explored through two accessible methodologies, and the material's reformation after degradation has been demonstrated in both cases. Furthermore, the material has been mechanically recycled, maintaining almost the same properties. Finally, these materials have been used to fabricate and recycle carbon-fiber-reinforced composite material and reversible adhesives, showcasing their promising potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Verdugo
- Technology
Center of Catalonia - Chemical Technologies Unit, Eurecat, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department
of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí
Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - David Santiago
- Technology
Center of Catalonia - Chemical Technologies Unit, Eurecat, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira
i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira
i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department
of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí
Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Malburet S, Bertrand H, Richard C, Lacabanne C, Dantras E, Graillot A. Biobased epoxy reactive diluents prepared from monophenol derivatives: effect on viscosity and glass transition temperature of epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15099-15106. [PMID: 37207093 PMCID: PMC10189243 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01039b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of reactive diluents is undeniably of paramount importance to develop epoxy resins which would meet more demanding and restrictive processes and applications in terms of viscosity and glass transition temperature. In the context of developing resins with low carbon impacts, 3 natural phenols namely carvacrol, guaiacol and thymol were selected and converted into monofunctional epoxies using a general glycidylation procedure. Without advanced purification, the developed liquid-state epoxies showed very low viscosities of 16 cPs to 55 cPs at 20 °C, which could be further reduced to 12 cPs at 20 °C when purification by distillation is applied. The dilution effect of each reactive diluent on DGEBA's viscosity was also assessed for concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 wt% and compared to commercial and formulated DGEBA-based resin analogues. Interestingly, the use of these diluents reduced the initial viscosity of DGEBA by a factor of ten while maintaining glass transition temperatures above 90 °C. This article provides compelling evidence of the possibility of developing new sustainable epoxy resins with characteristics and properties that can be fine-tuned by only adjusting the reactive diluent concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Malburet
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Hugo Bertrand
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
| | - Cécile Richard
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
| | - Colette Lacabanne
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Eric Dantras
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Alain Graillot
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
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Synthesis, Curing Behaviors and Properties of a Bio-Based Trifunctional Epoxy Silicone Modified Epoxy Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204391. [PMID: 36297969 PMCID: PMC9609760 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous effort has been focused on improving the toughness of epoxy, but the common approaches diminish the mechanical properties. In this work, a new silicone-modified trifunctional epoxy monomer SITEUP is synthesized from the hydrosilylation transformation of eugenol epoxy (EPEU) and tris-(dimethylsiloxy)phenylsilane. The chemical structures and curing kinetics of SITEUP are investigated based on 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MADLI-TOF-MS, and DSC analyses. SITEUP is introduced into DGEBA/IPDA systems as a functional modifier in varied loadings for toughening the resulting epoxy thermosets. The impact strength of the modified epoxy thermosets containing 20% SITEUP is 84% higher than that of the pristine epoxy thermoset and also maintains high flexural strength. Further morphology study reveals that the plastic deformation caused by siloxane segments is the key factor accounting for the enhanced toughness of the finalized epoxy thermosets. Si-O-Si segments incorporated into the thermosetting network could absorb more energy by increasing the mobility of polymer chains under external stress and led to improved thermal stability and damping characteristics. In addition, SITEUP is able to decrease the surface tension and increase the hydrophobic properties of the resultant epoxy materials.
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Matykiewicz D, Skórczewska K. Characteristics and Application of Eugenol in the Production of Epoxy and Thermosetting Resin Composites: A Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144824. [PMID: 35888291 PMCID: PMC9321166 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The review article presents an analysis of the properties of epoxy and thermosetting resin composites containing eugenol derivatives. Moreover, eugenol properties were characterized using thermogravimeters (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The aim of this work was to determine the possibility of using eugenol derivatives in polymer composites based on thermoset resins, which can be used as eco-friendly high-performance materials. Eugenol has been successfully used in the production of epoxy composites as a component of coupling agents, epoxy monomers, flame retardants, curing agents, and modifiers. In addition, it reduced the negative impact of thermoset composites on the environment and, in some cases, enabled their biodegradation. Eugenol-based silane coupling agent improved the properties of natural filler epoxy composites. Moreover, eugenol flame retardant had a positive effect on the fire resistance of the epoxy resin. In turn, eugenol glycidyl ether (GE) was used as a diluent of epoxy ester resins during the vacuum infusion process of epoxy composites with the glass fiber. Eugenol-based epoxy resin was used to make composites with carbon fiber with enhanced thermomechanical properties. Likewise, resins such as bismaleimide resin, phthalonitrile resin, and palm oil-based resin have been used for the production of composites with eugenol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Matykiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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Shin JH, Han GY, Kim HJ. Latent, Cross-Linkable Triazole Platform on a Carbon Fiber Surface for Enhancing Interfacial Cross-Linking within Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12803-12815. [PMID: 35474824 PMCID: PMC9026132 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A long-running need in carbon fiber composite production is to ameliorate interfacial adhesion between the polymer and carbon fibers. Here, we present a convenient and feasible strategy for controlling the carbon fiber's surface in a continuous process: syntheses of click-modified silanes via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction and grafting them onto fiber surfaces which prepare a latent curable platform under mild processes without postmodification. As 1,2,3-triazole moieties from the click reaction were added to the epoxy/dicyandiamide system, they triggered additional reactions in the later conversion stage; approximately, a 20% increase in the total reaction enthalpy compared to the system with no additives was obtained. We expected the enhanced cross-linking between the surface and matrix to expand the interfacial area, leading to reinforcements on interfacial adhesion and stress-transfer abilities within composites. The merit of the approach is well-demonstrated by conductive atomic force microscopy, showing that the interphase can be extended up to 6-fold when the triazole platform acts as curatives and serve as bridges after the epoxy cure. Consequently, the composite's interfacial shear strength and interlaminar shear strength were increased up to 78 and 72%, respectively. This work affords a reactive platform where a custom-tailored fiber/matrix interface can be designed by virtue of versatility in clickable reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Shin
- Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Gi-Yeon Han
- Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department
of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
- Research
Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 Republic of
Korea
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Kouznetsov VV, Vargas Méndez LY. Synthesis of eugenol‐based monomers for sustainable epoxy thermoplastic polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Kouznetsov
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguara, Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga Colombia
| | - Leonor Y. Vargas Méndez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguara, Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga Colombia
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Thermal decomposition behavior and flame retardancy of bioepoxies, their blends and composites: A comprehensive review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Santiago D, Guzmán D, Ferrando F, Serra À, De la Flor S. Bio-Based Epoxy Shape-Memory Thermosets from Triglycidyl Phloroglucinol. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030542. [PMID: 32131508 PMCID: PMC7182903 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of bio-based epoxy shape-memory thermosetting polymers were synthesized starting from a triglycidyl phloroglucinol (3EPOPh) and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TPTE) as epoxy monomers and a polyetheramine (JEF) as crosslinking agent. The evolution of the curing process was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the materials obtained were characterized by means of DSC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), stress-strain tests, and microindentation. Shape-memory properties were evaluated under free and totally constrained conditions. All results were compared with an industrial epoxy thermoset prepared from standard diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA). Results revealed that materials prepared from 3EPOPh were more reactive and showed a tighter network with higher crosslinking density and glass transition temperatures than the prepared from DGEBA. The partial substitution of 3EPOPh by TPTE as epoxy comonomer caused an increase in the molecular mobility of the materials but without worsening the thermal stability. The shape-memory polymers (SMPs) prepared from 3EPOPh showed good mechanical properties as well as an excellent shape-memory performance. They showed almost complete shape-recovery and shape-fixation, fast shape-recovery rates, and recovery stress up to 7 MPa. The results obtained in this study allow us to conclude that the triglycidyl phloroglucinol derivative of eugenol is a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to DGEBA for preparing thermosetting shape-memory polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Santiago
- Eurecat—Chemical Technologies Unit, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (F.F.); (S.D.l.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dailyn Guzmán
- Eurecat—Chemical Technologies Unit, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Francesc Ferrando
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (F.F.); (S.D.l.F.)
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (F.F.); (S.D.l.F.)
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