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Keshyagol K, Hiremath S, H. M. V, Rao PK, Hiremath P, Naik N. Analysis of Polymer-Ceramic Composites Performance on Electrical and Mechanical Properties through Finite Element and Empirical Models. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3837. [PMID: 39124501 PMCID: PMC11312863 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Polymer and ceramic-based composites offer a unique blend of desirable traits for improving dielectric permittivity. This study employs an empirical approach to estimate the dielectric permittivity of composite materials and uses a finite element model to understand the effects of permittivity and filler concentration on mechanical and electrical properties. The empirical model combines the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) and Bruggeman models to estimate the effective permittivity using Barium Titanate (BT) and Calcium Copper Titanate Oxide (CCTO) as ceramic fillers dispersed in a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer matrix. Results indicate that the permittivity of the composite improves with increased filler content, with CCTO/PDMS emerging as the superior combination for capacitive applications. Capacitance and energy storage in the CCTO/PDMS composite material reached 900 nF and 450 nJ, respectively, with increased filler content. Additionally, increased pressure on the capacitive model with varied filler content showed promising effects on mechanical properties. The interaction between BT filler and the polymer matrix significantly altered the electrical properties of the model, primarily depending on the composite's permittivity. This study provides comprehensive insights into the effects of varied filler concentrations on estimating mechanical and electrical properties, aiding in the development of real-world pressure-based capacitive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Keshyagol
- Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (K.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Shivashankarayya Hiremath
- Department of Mechatronics, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (K.K.); (S.H.)
- Survivability Signal Intelligence Research Center, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Vishwanatha H. M.
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (V.H.M.); (P.K.R.); (N.N.)
| | - P. Krishnananda Rao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (V.H.M.); (P.K.R.); (N.N.)
| | - Pavan Hiremath
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (V.H.M.); (P.K.R.); (N.N.)
| | - Nithesh Naik
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (V.H.M.); (P.K.R.); (N.N.)
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Electromagnetic field controlled domain wall displacement for induced strain tailoring in BaTiO 3-epoxy nanocomposite. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7504. [PMID: 35525864 PMCID: PMC9079120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure in an epoxy polymer composite material is prone to initiate by the coalescence of microcracks in its polymer matrix. As such, matrix toughening via addition of a second phase as rigid or/and rubber nano/micro-particles is one of the most popular approaches to improve the fracture toughness across multiple scales in a polymer composite, which dissipates fracture energy via deformation mechanisms and microcracks arrest. Few studies have focused on tailorable and variable toughening, so-called ‘active toughening’, mainly suggesting thermally induced strains which offer slow and irreversible toughening due to polymer’s poor thermal conductivity. The research presented in the current article has developed an instantaneous, reversible extrinsic strain field via remote electromagnetic radiation. Quantification of the extrinsic strain evolving in the composite with the microwave energy has been conducted using in-situ real-time fibre optic sensing. A theoretical constitutive equation correlating the exposure energy to micro-strains has been developed, with its solution validating the experimental data and describing their underlying physics. The research has utilised functionalised dielectric ferroelectric nanomaterials, barium titanate (BaTiO3), as a second phase dispersed in an epoxy matrix, able to introduce microscopic electro-strains to their surrounding rigid epoxy subjected to an external electric field (microwaves, herein), as result of their domain walls dipole displacements. Epoxy Araldite LY1564, a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A associated with the curing agent Aradur 3487 were embedded with the BaTiO3 nanoparticles. The silane coupling agent for the nanoparticles’ surface functionalisation was 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (3-GPS). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%) and acetic acid (C2H4O2, 99.9%) used as functionalisation aids, and the ethanol (C2H6O, 99.9%) used for BaTiO3 dispersion. Firstly, the crystal microstructure of the functionalised nanoparticles and the thermal and dielectric properties of the achieved epoxy composite materials have been characterised. It has been observed that the addition of the dielectric nanoparticles has a slight impact on the curing extent of the epoxy. Secondly, the surface-bonded fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have been employed to investigate the real-time variation of strain and temperature in the epoxy composites exposed to microwaves at 2.45 GHz and at different exposure energy. The strains developed due to the in-situ exposure at composite, adhesive and their holding fixture material were evaluated using the FBG. The domain wall induced extrinsic strains were distinguished from the thermally induced strains, and found that the increasing exposure energy has an instantaneously increasing effect on the development of such strains. Post-exposure Raman spectra showed no residual field in the composite indicating no remnant strain field examined under microwave powers < 1000 W, thus suggesting a reversible strain introduction mechanism, i.e. the composite retaining its nominal properties post exposure. The dielectric composite development and quantifications presented in this article proposes a novel active toughening technology for high-performance composite applications in numerous sectors.
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Multitasking Performance of Fe3O4/BaTiO3/Epoxy Resin Hybrid Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051784. [PMID: 35269016 PMCID: PMC8911469 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hybrid nanocomposites consisting of Fe3O4/BaTiO3/epoxy resin were prepared with varying amounts of filer content. Structural and morphological characterization, conducted via X-Ray Diffraction patterns and Scanning Electron Microscopy images, revealed the successful fabrication of composites and fine dispersion of inclusions. Thermomechanical properties are studied via Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and static mechanical tests. Hybrid composites exhibit enhanced thermal stability and improved mechanical response. Indicatively, Young’s modulus, tensile strength and fracture toughness increase from 1.26 GPa, 22.25 MPa, and 3.03 kJ/m3 for the neat epoxy to 1.39 GPa, 45.73 MPa, and 41.08 kJ/m3 for the composites with 20 or 15 parts per hundred resin per mass (phr) of Fe3O4, respectively. Electrical behavior is investigated via Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy and ac conductivity measurements. The real part of dielectric permittivity reaches the value of 11.11 at 30 °C for the composite with 40 phr of Fe3O4. The ability to store and retrieve electric energy on the nanocomposites is examined with the following parameters: the filler content and the applied voltage under dc conditions. Retrieved energy reaches 79.23% of the stored one, for the system with 15 phr of Fe3O4. Magnetic response is studied via a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. Magnetic saturation, for the system with the highest magnetic filler content, obtains the value of 25.38 Am2/kg, while pure magnetic powder attains the value of 86.75 Am2/kg. Finally, the multifunctional performance of the nanocomposites is assessed regarding all the exerted stimuli and the optimum behavior is discussed.
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Improved Dielectric Breakdown Strength of Polyimide by Incorporating Polydopamine-Coated Graphitic Carbon Nitride. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030385. [PMID: 35160375 PMCID: PMC8838390 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakdown strength is an important parameter for polymer dielectric, and introducing inorganic filler into the polymer matrix is an efficient method to improve the breakdown strength. In this work, graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNS) were ultrasonically exfoliated and coated with polydopamine to obtain modified nanosheets (DCNNS), and then polyimide (PI) composite films with various CNNS and DCNNS were prepared and compared. Owing to the abundant hydroxyl groups of polydopamine, good filler-polymer compatibility and uniform filler dispersion were achieved for PI/DCNNS composites. Both breakdown strength and dielectric constant were improved with the addition of either CNNS or DCNNS. However, at the same filler content, the PI/DCNNS composites exhibited higher breakdown strength and dielectric constant than the PI/CNNS. The PI composite with 0.5 wt% DCNNS showed the highest breakdown strength of ~300 kV/mm, increased by 67.6% as compared to the pure PI, while the PI/CNNS composite with the same filler content only increased by 14.5%.
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Zamperlin N, Ceccato R, Fontana M, Pegoretti A, Chiappini A, Dirè S. Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment and Doping on the Microstructural Features of Sol-Gel Derived BaTiO 3 Nanoparticles. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154345. [PMID: 34361539 PMCID: PMC8348855 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) is one of the most promising lead-free ferroelectric materials for the development of piezoelectric nanocomposites for nanogenerators and sensors. The miniaturization of electronic devices is pushing researchers to produce nanometric-sized particles to be embedded into flexible polymeric matrices. Here, we present the sol-gel preparation of crystalline BaTiO3 nanoparticles (NPs) obtained by reacting barium acetate (Ba(CH3COO)2) and titanium (IV) isopropoxide (Ti(OiPr)4). The reaction was performed both at ambient conditions and by a hydrothermal process carried on at 200 °C for times ranging from 2 to 8 h. Doped BaTiO3 nanoparticles were also produced by addition of Na, Ca, and Bi cations. The powders were annealed at 900 °C in order to improve NPs crystallinity and promote the cubic-to-tetragonal (c⟶t) phase transformation. The microstructural features of nanoparticles were investigated in dependence of both the hydrothermal reaction time and the presence of dopants. It is found that short hydrothermal treatment (2 h) can produce BaTiO3 spherical and more homogeneous nanoparticles with respect to longer hydrothermal treatments (4 h, 6 h, 8 h). These particles (2 h) are characterized by decreased dimension (approx. 120 nm), narrower size distribution and higher tetragonality (1.007) in comparison with particles prepared at ambient pressure (1.003). In addition, the short hydrothermal treatment (2 h) produces particles with tetragonality comparable to the one obtained after the longest process (8 h). Finally, dopants were found to affect to different extents both the c⟶t phase transformation and the crystallite sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Zamperlin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Riccardo Ceccato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (S.D.)
| | - Marco Fontana
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (S.D.)
- Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (S.D.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti, 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Chiappini
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN-CNR), CSMFO Laboratory and Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) Photonics Unit, Via alla Cascata 56/C, Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Sandra Dirè
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.P.); (S.D.)
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Tuichai W, Kum-onsa P, Danwittayakul S, Manyam J, Harnchana V, Thongbai P, Phromviyo N, Chindaprasirt P. Significantly Enhanced Dielectric Properties of Ag-Deposited (In 1/2Nb 1/2) 0.1Ti 0.9O 2/PVDF Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1788. [PMID: 34071685 PMCID: PMC8198304 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced dielectric permittivity (ε') while retaining a low loss tangent (tanδ) in silver nanoparticle-(In1/2Nb1/2)0.1Ti0.9O2/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (Ag-INTO/PVDF) composites with different volume fractions of a filler (fAg-INTO) was investigated. The hybrid particles were fabricated by coating Ag nanoparticles onto the surface of INTO particles, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The ε' of the Ag-INTO/PVDF composites could be significantly enhanced to ~86 at 1 kHz with a low tanδ of ~0.044. The enhanced ε' value was approximately >8-fold higher than that of the pure PVDF polymer for the composite with fAg-INTO = 0.5. Furthermore, ε' was nearly independent of frequency in the range of 102-106 Hz. Therefore, filling Ag-INTO hybrid particles into a PVDF matrix is an effective way to increase ε' while retaining a low tanδ of polymer composites. The effective medium percolation theory model can be used to fit the experimental ε' values with various fAg-INTO values. The greatly increased ε' primarily originated from interfacial polarization at the conducting Ag nanoparticle-PVDF and Ag-INTO interfaces, and it was partially contributed by the high ε' of INTO particles. A low tanδ was obtained because the formation of the conducting network in the polymer was inhibited by preventing the direct contact of Ag nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattana Tuichai
- Giant Dielectric and Computational Design Research Group (GD–CDR), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.T.); (P.K.-o.); (V.H.)
| | - Pornsawan Kum-onsa
- Giant Dielectric and Computational Design Research Group (GD–CDR), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.T.); (P.K.-o.); (V.H.)
| | - Supamas Danwittayakul
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Jedsada Manyam
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Viyada Harnchana
- Giant Dielectric and Computational Design Research Group (GD–CDR), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.T.); (P.K.-o.); (V.H.)
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN–RIE), NANOTEC–KKU RNN on Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Prasit Thongbai
- Giant Dielectric and Computational Design Research Group (GD–CDR), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (W.T.); (P.K.-o.); (V.H.)
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN–RIE), NANOTEC–KKU RNN on Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nutthakritta Phromviyo
- Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (N.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Prinya Chindaprasirt
- Sustainable Infrastructure Research and Development Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (N.P.); (P.C.)
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Luangchuang P, Chueangchayaphan N, Sulaiman MA, Chueangchayaphan W. Characterization of barium titanate reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composites for flexible electronic applications: influences of barium titanate content. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyawadee Luangchuang
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology Prince of Songkla University Surat Thani Thailand
| | - Narong Chueangchayaphan
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology Prince of Songkla University Surat Thani Thailand
| | - Muhammad Azwadi Sulaiman
- Advanced Materials Research Cluster Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Malaysia
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