1
|
Zhang Z, Kong Y, Gao J, Han X, Lian Z, Liu J, Wang WJ, Yang X. Engineering strong man-made cellulosic fibers: a review of the wet spinning process based on cellulose nanofibrils. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38465763 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06126d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
With the goal of sustainable development, manufacturing continuous high-performance fibers based on sustainable resources is an emerging research direction. However, compared to traditional synthetic fibers, plant fibers have limited length/diameter and uncontrollable natural defects, while regenerated cellulose fibers such as viscose and Lyocell suffer from inferior mechanical properties. Wet-spun fibers based on nanocelluloses especially cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) offer superior mechanical performance since CNFs are the fundamental high-performance building blocks of plant cell walls. This review aims to summarize the progress of making CNF wet-spun fibers, emphasizing on the whole wet spinning process including spinning suspension preparation, spinning, coagulation, washing, drying and post-stretching steps. By establishing the relationships between the nano-scale assembling structure and the macroscopic changes in the CNF dope from gels to dried fibers, effective methods and strategies to improve the mechanical properties of the final fibers are analyzed and proposed. Based on this, the opportunities and challenges for potential industrial-scale production are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| | - Junqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| | - Zechun Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
| | - Jiamin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China.
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou, 324000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mao H, Niu P, Zhang Z, Kong Y, Wang WJ, Yang X. High-strength and functional nanocellulose filaments made by direct wet spinning from low concentration suspensions. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120881. [PMID: 37182934 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Continuous filaments obtained through the wet spinning of nanocellulose have promising mechanical properties with sustainable features. To guarantee proper spinnability for wet spinning, freshly made cellulose nanofibril (CNF) suspension needs to be concentrated to have a concentration above 1 wt%, resulting in energy- and time-consuming, and inferior mechanical properties of the final filaments owing to decreasing the CNF alignment against shear flows. In this study, a CNF spinning suspension at a low concentration (0.4 wt%) can be used right after the fibrillation process without further treatments. The effects of the concentration and re-concentrating process are studied by carefully characterizing the rheological behavior and filament solidification processes, which provides more fundamental understandings on the spinnability and CNF network formation of such colloidal CNF suspensions. Combined with a post stretching process, the final dried CNF filaments have superior mechanical properties with Young's modulus and tensile strength of 35 GPa and 567 MPa, surpassing most literature data. Moreover, different functional particles can be easily incorporated to prepare functional filaments. With facile preparation and superior properties, these CNF filaments may be suitable for advanced composite filler and special textile applications.
Collapse
|
3
|
Meng D, Zhao Q, Cheng X, Ma J, Kong L, He X, Li J. Water-induced shape memory cellulose nanofiber-based nanocomposite membrane containing lignin with quick water response and excellent wet mechanical property. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
4
|
Cindradewi AW, Bandi R, Park CW, Park JS, Lee EA, Kim JK, Kwon GJ, Han SY, Lee SH. Preparation and Characterization of Polybutylene Succinate Reinforced with Pure Cellulose Nanofibril and Lignocellulose Nanofibril Using Two-Step Process. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223945. [PMID: 34833243 PMCID: PMC8623250 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the preparation of a polybutylene succinate (PBS) film reinforced with pure cellulose nanofibril (PCNF) and lignocellulose nanofibril (LCNF) by a two-step process that consists of solvent dispersion and twin-screw extrusion. Compared to the conventional one-step process, this method offered improved mechanical properties. The addition of 5% CNF increased the tensile properties up to 18.8%. Further, the effect of the lignin content was also studied by using LCNF as a reinforcement. The LCNF was prepared with and without a deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment to gain LCNF with a lignin content that varied between 5, 19, and 30%. The mechanical properties results show that a 5% addition of LCNF to the PBS matrix increased its tensile strength and elastic modulus. Further, the morphological and thermal properties of the composites were also studied in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azelia Wulan Cindradewi
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (A.W.C.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Rajkumar Bandi
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.B.); (C.-W.P.); (G.-J.K.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Chan-Woo Park
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.B.); (C.-W.P.); (G.-J.K.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Ji-Soo Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (A.W.C.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (J.-K.K.)
- National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Lee
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (A.W.C.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (A.W.C.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (J.-K.K.)
| | - Gu-Joong Kwon
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.B.); (C.-W.P.); (G.-J.K.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Song-Yi Han
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.B.); (C.-W.P.); (G.-J.K.); (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (A.W.C.); (J.-S.P.); (E.-A.L.); (J.-K.K.)
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (R.B.); (C.-W.P.); (G.-J.K.); (S.-Y.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-8323
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wet-Spun Composite Filaments from Lignocellulose Nanofibrils/Alginate and Their Physico-Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172974. [PMID: 34503015 PMCID: PMC8433769 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) with different lignin contents were prepared using choline chloride (ChCl)/lactic acid (LA), deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment, and subsequent mechanical defibrillation. The LCNFs had a diameter of 15.3–18.2 nm, which was similar to the diameter of commercial pure cellulose nanofibrils (PCNFs). The LCNFs and PCNFs were wet-spun in CaCl2 solution for filament fabrication. The addition of sodium alginate (AL) significantly improved the wet-spinnability of the LCNFs. As the AL content increased, the average diameter of the composite filaments increased, and the orientation index decreased. The increase in AL content improved the wet-spinnability of CNFs but deteriorated the tensile properties. The increase in the spinning rate resulted in an increase in the orientation index, which improved the tensile strength and elastic modulus.
Collapse
|
6
|
Electrospun Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Gelatin and Cellulose Acetate Bi-Layer Scaffold Loaded with Gentamicin as Possible Wound Dressing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102311. [PMID: 33050196 PMCID: PMC7599463 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acceleration of wound healing can be achieved with the use of wound dressings. Through the electrospinning technique, a polymeric scaffold composed of two layers was processed: a gelatin and polyvinylpyrrolidone layer with gentamicin, and a second layer of cellulose acetate. The conditions for the electrospinning process were standardized for voltage parameters, feed flow and the distance from the injector to the collector. Once the values of the main variables for the electrospinning were optimized, a three-hour processing time was established to allow the separation of the material from the collector. The obtained material was characterized by observations on scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis; contact angle measurement was performed to evaluate wettability properties, and antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated using the Kirby–Bauer test. The obtained fibers that form the bi-layer scaffold present diameters from 100 to 300 nm. The scaffold presents chemical composition, thermal stability, wettability characteristics and antibacterial activity that fulfill the proposal from this study, based on obtaining a scaffold that could be used as a drug delivery vehicle and a wound dressing material.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jang JH, Hayashi N, Han SY, Park CW, Febrianto F, Lee SH, Kim NH. Changes in the Dimensions of Lignocellulose Nanofibrils with Different Lignin Contents by Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102201. [PMID: 32992855 PMCID: PMC7600893 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the dimensions of lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) with different lignin contents from betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) by enzymatic hydrolysis using endoglucanase (EG) were investigated. Lignin contents were adjusted from 3% to 27% by NaClO2/acetic acid treatment, and LCNFs were prepared using a wet disk-mill (WDM). The dimensions of the LCNFs significantly decreased with decreasing lignin content and increasing EG addition. With increasing EG content, the average diameter of the LCNFs significantly decreased, even though they contained parts of hemicellulose and lignin. The crystal structure showed the typical cellulose I structure in all samples, but the intensity of the diffraction peak slightly changed depending on the lignin and EG contents. The crystallinity index (CrI) values of the LCNFs increased a maximum of 23.8% (LCNF-L27) under increasing EG addition, regardless of the lignin content. With the EG addition of three times the LCNF amount, LCNF-L3 showed the highest CrI value (59.1%). By controlling the composition and structure of LCNFs, it is expected that the wide range of properties of these materials can extend the property range available for existing materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.-W.P.); (S.-H.L.)
| | - Noriko Hayashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 300-1244, Japan;
| | - Song-Yi Han
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.-W.P.); (S.-H.L.)
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Chan-Woo Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.-W.P.); (S.-H.L.)
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Fauzi Febrianto
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16680, Indonesia;
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.-W.P.); (S.-H.L.)
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Nam-Hun Kim
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.-Y.H.); (C.-W.P.); (S.-H.L.)
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-8327
| |
Collapse
|