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Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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Ma L, Zhu M, Liu T. Effects of chain length of surfactants and their adsorption on nanoparticles on stability of CO2-in-water emulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zimnyakov DA, Alonov MV, Ushakova EV, Ushakova OV, Popov VK, Minaev NV, Minaeva SA, Epifanov EO. Supercritical Fluid Synthesis of Highly Porous Polylactide Matrices: Fundamental Features and Technology of Formation, Development and Stabilization of Polymer Foams. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793121080182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zimnyakov D, Alonova M, Ushakova E, Volchkov S, Ushakova O, Klimov D, Slavnetskov I, Kalacheva A. Speckle-Based Sensing of Microscopic Dynamics in Expanding Polymer Foams: Application of the Stacked Speckle History Technique. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206701. [PMID: 34695916 PMCID: PMC8538063 DOI: 10.3390/s21206701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic structural rearrangements in expanding polylactide foams were probed using multiple dynamic scattering of laser radiation in the foam volume. Formation and subsequent expansion of polylactide foams was provided by a rapid or slow depressurization of the "plasticized polylactide-supercritical carbon dioxide" system. Dynamic speckles induced by a multiple scattering of laser radiation in the expanding foam were analyzed using the stacked speckle history technique, which is based on a joint mapping of spatial-temporal dynamics of evolving speckle patterns. A significant decrease in the depressurization rate in the case of transition from a rapid to slow foaming (from 0.03 MPa/s to 0.006 MPa/s) causes dramatic changes in the texture of the synthesized stacked speckle history maps. These changes are associated with transition from the boiling dynamics of time-varying speckles to their pronounced translational motions and are manifested as significant slopes of individual speckle traces on the recovered stacked speckle history maps. This feature is interpreted in terms of the actual absence of a new cell nucleation effect in the expanding foam upon slow depressurization on the dynamic scattering of laser radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Zimnyakov
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya st., 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.); (S.V.); (O.U.); (D.K.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
- Precision Mechanics and Control Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya st., 410024 Saratov, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-845-299-8624
| | - Marina Alonova
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya st., 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.); (S.V.); (O.U.); (D.K.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Ushakova
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya st., 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.); (S.V.); (O.U.); (D.K.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Sergey Volchkov
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya st., 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.); (S.V.); (O.U.); (D.K.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Olga Ushakova
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya st., 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.); (S.V.); (O.U.); (D.K.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Daniil Klimov
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya st., 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.); (S.V.); (O.U.); (D.K.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Ilya Slavnetskov
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya st., 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.); (S.V.); (O.U.); (D.K.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kalacheva
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya st., 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.); (S.V.); (O.U.); (D.K.); (I.S.); (A.K.)
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Skladnev DA, Karlov SP, Khrunyk YY, Kotsyurbenko OR. Water-Sulfuric Acid Foam as a Possible Habitat for Hypothetical Microbial Community in the Cloud Layer of Venus. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1034. [PMID: 34685405 PMCID: PMC8540952 DOI: 10.3390/life11101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The data available at the moment suggest that ancient Venus was covered by extensive bodies of water which could harbor life. Later, however, the drastic overheating of the planet made the surface of Venus uninhabitable for Earth-type life forms. Nevertheless, hypothetical Venusian organisms could have gradually adapted to conditions within the cloud layer of Venus-the only niche containing liquid water where the Earth-type extremophiles could survive. Here we hypothesize that the unified internal volume of a microbial community habitat is represented by the heterophase liquid-gas foam structure of Venusian clouds. Such unity of internal space within foam water volume facilitates microbial cells movements and trophic interactions between microorganisms that creates favorable conditions for the effective development of a true microbial community. The stabilization of a foam heterophase structure can be provided by various surfactants including those synthesized by living cells and products released during cell lysis. Such a foam system could harbor a microbial community of different species of (poly)extremophilic microorganisms that are capable of photo- and chemosynthesis and may be closely integrated into aero-geochemical processes including the processes of high-temperature polymer synthesis on the planet's surface. Different complex nanostructures transferred to the cloud layers by convection flows could further contribute to the stabilization of heterophase liquid-gas foam structure and participate in chemical and photochemical reactions, thus supporting ecosystem stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Skladnev
- Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
- Network of Researchers on the Chemical Evolution of Life, Leeds LS7 3RB, UK
| | - Sergei P. Karlov
- Department of Urban Studies, Moscow Polytechnic University, 107023 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yuliya Y. Khrunyk
- Department of Heat Treatment and Physics of Metal, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Oleg R. Kotsyurbenko
- Network of Researchers on the Chemical Evolution of Life, Leeds LS7 3RB, UK
- High Ecology School, Yugra State University, 628011 Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia
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Zimnyakov D, Alonova M, Ushakova E. Depressurization-Induced Nucleation in the "Polylactide-Carbon Dioxide" System: Self-Similarity of the Bubble Embryos Expansion. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071115. [PMID: 33915873 PMCID: PMC8036606 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-similar expansion of bubble embryos in a plasticized polymer under quasi-isothermal depressurization is examined using the experimental data on expansion rates of embryos in the CO2-plasticized d,l-polylactide and modeling the results. The CO2 initial pressure varied from 5 to 14 MPa, and the depressurization rate was 5 × 10−3 MPa/s. The constant temperature in experiments was in a range from 310 to 338 K. The initial rate of embryos expansion varied from ≈0.1 to ≈10 µm/s, with a decrease in the current external pressure. While modeling, a non-linear behavior of CO2 isotherms near the critical point was taken into account. The modeled data agree satisfactorily with the experimental results. The effect of a remarkable increase in the expansion rate at a decreasing external pressure is interpreted in terms of competing effects, including a decrease in the internal pressure, an increase in the polymer viscosity, and an increase in the embryo radius at the time of embryo formation. The vanishing probability of finding the steadily expanding embryos for external pressures around the CO2 critical pressure is interpreted in terms of a joint influence of the quasi-adiabatic cooling and high compressibility of CO2 in the embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Zimnyakov
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.)
- Precision Mechanics and Control Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya st., 410024 Saratov, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-845-299-8624
| | - Marina Alonova
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.)
| | - Ekaterina Ushakova
- Physics Department, Yury Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 410054 Saratov, Russia; (M.A.); (E.U.)
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Sanusi OM, Benelfellah A, Bikiaris DN, Aït Hocine N. Effect of rigid nanoparticles and preparation techniques on the performances of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olawale M. Sanusi
- INSA CVL, Univ. Tours, Univ. Orléans LaMé Blois cedex France
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Federal University Oye‐Ekiti Ikole Campus Ekiti State Nigeria
| | - Abdelkibir Benelfellah
- INSA CVL, Univ. Tours, Univ. Orléans LaMé Blois cedex France
- DRII IPSA Ivry‐Sur‐Seine France
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology Aristotle University of Technology Thessaloniki Greece
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