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McGraw M, Addison B, Clarke RW, Allen RD, Rorrer NA. Synergistic Dual-Cure Reactions for the Fabrication of Thermosets by Chemical Heating. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:11913-11927. [PMID: 39148515 PMCID: PMC11323266 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Large composite structures, such as those used in wind energy applications, rely on the bulk polymerization of thermosets on an impressively large scale. To accomplish this, traditional thermoset polymerizations require both elevated temperatures (>100 °C) and extended cure durations (>5 h) for complete conversion, necessitating the use of oversize ovens or heated molds. In turn, these requirements lead to energy-intensive polymerizations, incurring high manufacturing costs and process emissions. In this study, we develop thermoset polymerizations that can be initiated at room temperature through a transformative "chemical heating" concept, in which the exothermic energy of a secondary reaction is used to facilitate the heating of a primary thermoset polymerization. By leveraging a redox-initiated methacrylate free radical polymerization as a source of exothermic chemical energy, we can achieve peak reaction temperatures >140 °C to initiate the polymerization of epoxy-anhydride thermosets without external heating. Furthermore, by employing Trojan horse methacrylate monomers to induce mixing between methacrylate and epoxy-anhydride domains, we achieve the synthesis of homogeneous hybrid polymeric materials with competitive thermomechanical properties and tunability. Herein, we establish a proof-of-concept for our innovative chemical heating method and advocate for its industrial integration for more energy-efficient and streamlined manufacturing of wind blades and large composite parts more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
L. McGraw
- Renewable Resources and Enabling
Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Bennett Addison
- Renewable Resources and Enabling
Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ryan W. Clarke
- Renewable Resources and Enabling
Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Robert D. Allen
- Renewable Resources and Enabling
Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Rorrer
- Renewable Resources and Enabling
Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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2
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Li Y, Liu J, Zhang Q, Hu N, Jiang Z, Kan Q, Kang G. Growth of Double-Network Tough Hydrogel Coatings by Surface-Initiated Polymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10822-10831. [PMID: 38381141 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel coatings exhibit versatile applications in biomedicine, flexible electronics, and environmental science. However, current coating methods encounter challenges in simultaneously achieving strong interfacial bonding, robust hydrogel coatings, and the ability to coat substrates with controlled thickness. This paper introduces a novel approach to grow a double-network (DN) tough hydrogel coating on various substrates. The process involves initial substrate modification using a silane coupling agent, followed by the deposition of an initiator layer on its surface. Subsequently, the substrate is immersed in a DN hydrogel precursor, where the coating grows under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. Precise control over the coating thickness is achieved by adjusting the UV illumination duration and the initiator quantity. The experimental measurement of adhesion reveals strong bonding between the DN hydrogel coating and diverse substrates, reaching up to 1012.9 J/m2 between the DN hydrogel coating and a glass substrate. The lubricity performance of the DN hydrogel coating is experimentally characterized, which is dependent on the coating thickness, applied pressure, and sliding velocity. The incorporation of 3D printing technology into the current coating method enables the creation of intricate hydrogel coating patterns on a flat substrate. Moreover, the hydrogel coating's versatility is demonstrated through its effective applications in oil-water separation and antifogging glasses, underscoring its wide-ranging potential. The robust DN hydrogel coating method presented here holds promise for advancing hydrogel applications across diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Li
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611756, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611756, China
| | - Qifang Zhang
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611756, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611756, China
| | - Zhouhu Jiang
- State Key Lab for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qianhua Kan
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611756, China
| | - Guozheng Kang
- Applied Mechanics and Structure Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611756, China
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3
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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Dumur F. The Future of Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization for Photocrosslinking Applications. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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5
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Development of periodic colored bands via frontal polymerization. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stiles A, Tison TA, Pruitt L, Vaidya U. Photoinitiator Selection and Concentration in Photopolymer Formulations towards Large-Format Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2708. [PMID: 35808752 PMCID: PMC9268840 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photopolymers are an attractive option for large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM), because they can be formulated from structural thermosets and cure rapidly in ambient conditions under low-energy ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) lamps. Photopolymer cure is strongly influenced by the depth penetration of UV light, which can be limited in the 2-4 mm layer thicknesses typical of LFAM. Photoinitiator (PI) systems that exhibit photobleaching have proven useful in thick-section cure applications, because they generate a photoinitiation wavefront, but this effect is time-dependent. This study investigates the light transmission and through-thickness cure behavior in (meth)acrylate photopolymer formulations with the photobleaching initiator bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide (BAPO). Utilizing an optical model developed by Kenning et al., lower concentrations (0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt%) of BAPO were predicted to yield rapid onset of photoinitiation. In situ cure measurements under continuous UV LED irradiation of 380 mW/cm2 showed that a 0.1 wt% concentration of BAPO achieved peak polymerization rate within 2.5 s at a 3-mm depth. With only 1 s of irradiation at 1.7 W/cm2 intensity, the 0.1 wt% BAPO formulation also achieved the highest level of cure of the formulas tested. For an irradiation dose of 5.5 J/cm2 at a duration of 3.7 s, cured polymer specimens achieved a flexural strength of 108 MPa and a flexural modulus of 3.1 GPa. This study demonstrates the utility of optical modeling as a potential screening tool for new photopolymer formulations, primarily in identifying an upper limit to PI concentration for the desired cure depth. The results also show that photobleaching provides only a limited benefit for LFAM applications with short (1.0 s to 3.7 s) UV irradiation times and indicate that excess PI concentration can inhibit light transmission even under extended irradiation times up to 60 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Stiles
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Thomas-Allan Tison
- Tickle College of Engineering, University of Tennessee, Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Liam Pruitt
- Haslam College of Business, University of Tennessee, 1000 Volunteer Boulevard, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Uday Vaidya
- Tickle College of Engineering, University of Tennessee, Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Manufacturing Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Blvd, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA
- Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation, 2360 Cherahala Blvd, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA
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8
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Lang M, Hirner S, Wiesbrock F, Fuchs P. A Review on Modeling Cure Kinetics and Mechanisms of Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102074. [PMID: 35631956 PMCID: PMC9145830 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photopolymerizations, in which the initiation of a chemical-physical reaction occurs by the exposure of photosensitive monomers to a high-intensity light source, have become a well-accepted technology for manufacturing polymers. Providing significant advantages over thermal-initiated polymerizations, including fast and controllable reaction rates, as well as spatial and temporal control over the formation of material, this technology has found a large variety of industrial applications. The reaction mechanisms and kinetics are quite complex as the system moves quickly from a liquid monomer mixture to a solid polymer. Therefore, the study of curing kinetics is of utmost importance for industrial applications, providing both the understanding of the process development and the improvement of the quality of parts manufactured via photopolymerization. Consequently, this review aims at presenting the materials and curing chemistry of such ultrafast crosslinking polymerization reactions as well as the research efforts on theoretical models to reproduce cure kinetics and mechanisms for free-radical and cationic photopolymerizations including diffusion-controlled phenomena and oxygen inhibition reactions in free-radical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Lang
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-384-242-962-753
| | - Stefan Hirner
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, University of Technology Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.H.); (F.W.)
| | - Frank Wiesbrock
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, University of Technology Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.H.); (F.W.)
| | - Peter Fuchs
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
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9
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Balcerak A, Kabatc J. Recent progress in the development of highly active dyeing photoinitiators based on 1,3-bis(p-substituted phenylamino)squaraines for radical polymerization of acrylates. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01519b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photopolymerization is a very popular technique used in the production of various polymeric materials. The key role in the light induced polymerization processes plays a photoinitiator. One of the...
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10
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Giacoletto N, Dumur F. Recent Advances in bis-Chalcone-Based Photoinitiators of Polymerization: From Mechanistic Investigations to Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:3192. [PMID: 34073491 PMCID: PMC8199041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades, photopolymerization has become an active research field, and the ongoing efforts to develop new photoinitiating systems are supported by the different applications in which this polymerization technique is involved-including dentistry, 3D and 4D printing, adhesives, and laser writing. In the search for new structures, bis-chalcones that combine two chalcones' moieties within a unique structure were determined as being promising photosensitizers to initiate both the free-radical polymerization of acrylates and the cationic polymerization of epoxides. In this review, an overview of the different bis-chalcones reported to date is provided. Parallel to the mechanistic investigations aiming at elucidating the polymerization mechanisms, bis-chalcones-based photoinitiating systems were used for different applications, which are detailed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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11
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Wang Z, Chen L, Chen Y, Liu P, Duan H, Cheng P. 3D Printed Ultrastretchable, Hyper-Antifreezing Conductive Hydrogel for Sensitive Motion and Electrophysiological Signal Monitoring. RESEARCH 2021; 2020:1426078. [PMID: 33623900 PMCID: PMC7877384 DOI: 10.34133/2020/1426078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels with high stretchability can extend their applications as a flexible electrode in electronics, biomedicine, human-machine interfaces, and sensors. However, their time-consuming fabrication and narrow ranges of working temperature and working voltage severely limit their further potential applications. Herein, a conductive nanocomposite network hydrogel fabricated by projection microstereolithography (PμSL) based 3D printing is proposed, enabling fast fabrication ability with high precision. The 3D printed hydrogels exhibit ultra-stretchability (2500%), hyper-antifreezing (-125°C), extremely low working voltage (<100 μV), and super cyclic tensile stability (1 million cycles). The hydrogel-based strain sensor can probe both large-scale and tiny human motions, even with ultralow voltage of 100 μV at extremely low temperature around −115°C. It is demonstrated that the present hydrogels can be used as a flexible electrode for capturing human electrophysiological signals (EOG and EEG), where the alpha and beta waves from the brain can be recorded precisely. Therefore, the present hydrogels will pave the way for the development of next-generation intelligent electronics, especially for those working under extremely low-temperature environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Wang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lei Chen
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yiqin Chen
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Peng Liu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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12
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Ebner C, Mitterer J, Gonzalez-Gutierrez J, Rieß G, Kern W. Resins for Frontal Photopolymerization: Combining Depth-Cure and Tunable Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040743. [PMID: 33562577 PMCID: PMC7914558 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photopolymerization has undergone significant development in recent years. It enables fast and easy processing of materials with customized properties and allows precise printing of complex surface geometries. Nevertheless, photopolymerization is mainly applied to cure thin films since the low curing depth limits the fast production of large volumes. Frontal photopolymerization (FPP) is suitable to overcome these limitations so that curing of centimeter-thick (meth)acrylic layers can be accomplished within minutes by light induction only. Prerequisites, however, are the low optical density of the resin and bleaching ability of the photoinitiator. To date, tailored FPP-resins are not commercially available. This study discusses the potential of long-chain polyether dimethacrylates, offering high-temperature resistance and low optical density, as crosslinkers in photobleaching resins and investigates the mechanical properties of photofrontally-cured copolymers. Characteristics ranging from ductile to hard and brittle are observed in tensile tests, demonstrating that deep curing and versatile material properties are achieved with FPP. Analyzed components display uniform polymerization over a depth of four centimeters in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and swelling tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Ebner
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Chair in Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (C.E.); (J.M.); (W.K.)
| | - Julia Mitterer
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Chair in Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (C.E.); (J.M.); (W.K.)
| | - Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Chair of Polymer Processing, University of Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Gisbert Rieß
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Chair in Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (C.E.); (J.M.); (W.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-3842-402-2301
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Science, Chair in Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (C.E.); (J.M.); (W.K.)
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13
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Radical-induced cationic frontal polymerisation for prepreg technology. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, a new type of prepreg technology has been established using a dual curing system consisting of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and frontally polymerisable components based on the epoxide resin. The study of the polymerisation of HDDA revealed (tert-butylcyclohexyl)peroxydicarbonate (BCPC) as the most suitable radical thermal initiator. The presence of BCPC resulted in a fast radical polymerisation of HDDA and no cationic ring-opening reaction of the epoxy, which was observed by monitoring the double bond and epoxy group conversion in real time-NIR rheology measurement. The formed prepreg can subsequently be cured by radical-induced cationic frontal polymerisation of the epoxy resin. Effects of HDDA amount on the radical polymerisation, stiffness of the gel, frontal parameters and thermal mechanical properties of final polymers were investigated. With 10 wt% HDDA, the formed prepreg has very good storage stability, which was proved by monitoring the epoxy group conversion during 4 months of storage at 50 °C while still a stable front can be obtained. Furthermore, the RICFP-prepregs with different fibre contents were prepared and polymerised by RICFP. Then, a snowflake composite was successfully produced using RICFP-prepreg.
Graphic abstract
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14
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Petko F, Świeży A, Ortyl J. Photoinitiating systems and kinetics of frontal photopolymerization processes – the prospects for efficient preparation of composites and thick 3D structures. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00596k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The frontal photopolymerisation combining a versatile interest in many applications and economic efficiency is destined to occupy a growing polymer economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Petko
- Photo HiTech Ltd, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Świeży
- Photo HiTech Ltd, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Photo HiTech Ltd, Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 30-155 Kraków, Poland
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15
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Dumur F. Recent advances on visible light photoinitiators of polymerization based on Indane-1,3-dione and related derivatives. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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