1
|
Zimmermann P, Frohs S, Wiesing M, Meena K, Nagel J. Efficient Approach for Direct Robust Surface Grafting of Polyethyleneimine onto a Polyester Surface during Moulding. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:644. [PMID: 38475327 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper uses a very effective way for surface modification of thermoplastic polymers during moulding. It is based on a grafting reaction between a thin layer of a functional polymer, deposited on a substrate in advance, and a polymer melt. In this paper, a glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) that was brought in contact with a polyethyleneimine layer during fused filament fabrication is investigated. The focus of this paper is the investigation of the reaction product. Grafting was realised by the formation of stable amide bonds by amidation of ester groups in the main chain of a PETG. XPS investigations revealed that the conversion of amino groups was very high, the distribution was even, and the quantity of amino groups per polyester surface area was still very high. The surface properties of the produced polyester part were mainly characterised by polyethyleneimine. The grafting was able to resist several cycles of extraction in alkaline solutions. The stability was only limited by saponification of the polyester. The degree of surface modification was dependent on the molar mass of polyethyleneimine. This could be rationalised, because grafting only occurred with the one polyethyleneimine molecule that is in close vicinity to the polyester surface when both components come in contact. Fused deposition modelling was chosen as the model process with control over each processing step. However, any other moulding process may be applied, particularly injection moulding for mass production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zimmermann
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Silven Frohs
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesing
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Angewandte Materialforschung, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kamal Meena
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Nagel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Buzin NV, Mukhametova GM, Kholuiskaya SN, Kiselev AV, Kalinichenko VN, Gridnev AA. Laser Ablation of Styrene–Methacrylate Composites. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143923010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
|
3
|
Buzin NV, Mukhametova GM, Kiselev AG, Gridnev A, Krasheninnikov VG. Investigation of Thermal Properties of Polyureas. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s156009042270049x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
4
|
Song K, Cui Y, Tao T, Meng X, Sone M, Yoshino M, Umezu S, Sato H. New Metal-Plastic Hybrid Additive Manufacturing for Precise Fabrication of Arbitrary Metal Patterns on External and Even Internal Surfaces of 3D Plastic Structures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46896-46911. [PMID: 36200680 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Constructing precise metal patterns on complex three-dimensional (3D) plastic parts allows the fabrication of functional devices for advanced applications. However, it is currently expensive and requires complex processes. This study demonstrates a process for the fabrication of 3D metal-plastic composite structures with arbitrarily complex shapes. A light-cured resin is modified to prepare the active precursor allowing subsequent electroless plating (ELP). A multimaterial digital light processing 3D printer was newly developed to fabricate the parts containing regions made of either standard resin or active precursor nested within each other. Selective 3D ELP processing of such parts provided various metal-plastic composite parts having complicated hollow structures with specific topological relationships with the resolution of 40 μm. Using this technique, 3D devices that cannot be manufactured by traditional methods are possible, and metal patterns can be produced inside plastic parts as a means of further miniaturizing electronics. The proposed method can also generate metal coatings exhibiting improved adhesion of metal to substrate. Finally, several sensors composed of different functional materials and specific metal patterns were designed and fabricated. The present results demonstrate the viability of the proposed method and suggest potential applications in the fields of 3D electronics, wearable devices, and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Song
- Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo169-8555, Japan
| | - Yue Cui
- Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo169-8555, Japan
| | - Tiannan Tao
- Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo169-8555, Japan
| | - Xiangyi Meng
- Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo169-8555, Japan
| | - Michinari Sone
- Research and Development Division, Yoshino Denka Kogyo, Inc., Yoshikawa342-0008, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshino
- Research and Development Division, Yoshino Denka Kogyo, Inc., Yoshikawa342-0008, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Umezu
- Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo169-8555, Japan
- Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo169-8555, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, N3.2-01-20, 65 Nanyang Drive, 637460Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu H, Feng J, Xiao C, Xu R, Xie Y, Zhou T. Autocatalytic Laser Activator for Both UV and NIR Lasers: Preparation of Circuits on Polymer Substrates by Selective Metallization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31411-31423. [PMID: 35764609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In laser-induced selective metallization (LISM), conventional laser activators only work at a single laser wavelength. This study reported a new laser activator (MoO3) very suitable for both 355 nm UV and 1064 nm near-infrared (NIR) lasers for the first time. When applying MoO3 to polymers, the prepared Cu layer on laser-activated polymers showed a good conductivity (2.63 × 106 Ω-1·m-1) and excellent adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and resistance analysis revealed the excellent LISM performance of the polymer/MoO3 composites, and the quality of the Cu layer prepared using the UV laser is much better than that using the NIR laser. The limit width of the copper wire prepared by the UV laser is as narrow as 30.1 μm. We also confirmed the mechanism of MoO3 initiating electroless copper plating after laser activation to be the autocatalytic mechanism, which is very different from the conventional reduction mechanism. The effect of laser activation was only to expose the MoO3 active species to the polymer surface. X-ray diffraction and tube experiments revealed that the activity of α·h-MoO3 was higher than that of α-MoO3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that a part of Mo6+ was reduced to Mo5+ during laser activations, leading to the increase of the oxygen vacancies in MoO3 and possibly further enhancing the activity of MoO3. Besides, the micro-rough structures caused by the laser on the polymer surface provided riveting points for successfully depositing the copper layer. The Ni-Cu, Ag-Cu, and Au-Ni-Cu layers were obtained via the continued deposit of other metals on the Cu layer. The resistances of these metal layers had much better stability than that of the neat Cu layer. Furthermore, the Au layer further enhanced the conductivity of the circuit. The proposed strategy is easy for large-scale industrial applications, which will greatly expand the application scenarios of the LISM field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chengchao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yoo B, Bowen D, Lazarus N, Pines D. Laser Direct Structured 3D Circuits on Silicone. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18854-18865. [PMID: 35412797 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silicone rubber is a biocompatible elastomeric polymer, with great potential for mechanical and biologic sensing applications, if electrical circuits can be reliably integrated. Laser direct structuring is a bottom-up circuit fabrication process, whereby copper is chemically grown on laser exposed regions of a modified substrate, promoting adhesion by laser roughening the circuit tracks. In this Research Article, we successfully demonstrate this process using superflexible biocompatible silicone (30 hardness on Shore 00) with copper chromite additive, cast into both 2D planar and 3D contour substrates. A horseshoe pattern circuit, meander and Hilbert fractal inductors, and a 3D hemispherical helix trace are fabricated and tested. The range of laser power and copper chromite concentration are explored. Mechanical testing is performed to determine breakage strain and elastic modulus. Material stiffness and trace peel strength are shown to increase with copper chromite concentration. Peel strength is measured to be very high, from approximately 1 to 5 kN/m, depending on dopant loading. With high adhesion and conductivity, the simple laser-writing process presented here enables high-quality circuit integration into elastomeric silicone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byungseok Yoo
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - David Bowen
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Nathan Lazarus
- US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Darryll Pines
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|