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Drakoulas G, Gortsas T, Polyzos E, Tsinopoulos S, Pyl L, Polyzos D. An explainable machine learning-based probabilistic framework for the design of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:987-1012. [PMID: 38416219 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-024-01817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Recently, 3D-printed biodegradable scaffolds have shown great potential for bone repair in critical-size fractures. The differentiation of the cells on a scaffold is impacted among other factors by the surface deformation of the scaffold due to mechanical loading and the wall shear stresses imposed by the interstitial fluid flow. These factors are in turn significantly affected by the material properties, the geometry of the scaffold, as well as the loading and flow conditions. In this work, a numerical framework is proposed to study the influence of these factors on the expected osteochondral cell differentiation. The considered scaffold is rectangular with a 0/90 lay-down pattern and a four-layered strut made of polylactic acid with a 5% steel particle content. The distribution of the different types of cells on the scaffold surface is estimated through a scalar stimulus, calculated by using a mechanobioregulatory model. To reduce the simulation time for the computation of the stimulus, a probabilistic machine learning (ML)-based reduced-order model (ROM) is proposed. Then, a sensitivity analysis is performed using the Shapley additive explanations to examine the contribution of the various parameters to the framework stimulus predictions. In a final step, a multiobjective optimization procedure is implemented using genetic algorithms and the ROM, aiming to identify the material parameters and loading conditions that maximize the percentage of surface area populated by bone cells while minimizing the area corresponding to the other types of cells and the resorption condition. The results of the performed analysis highlight the potential of using ROMs for the scaffold design, by dramatically reducing the simulation time while enabling the efficient implementation of sensitivity analysis and optimization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Drakoulas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece.
| | - Theodore Gortsas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Peloponnese, 26334, Patras, Greece.
| | - Efstratios Polyzos
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephanos Tsinopoulos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Peloponnese, 26334, Patras, Greece
| | - Lincy Pyl
- Department of Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Demosthenes Polyzos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece
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Salar Amoli M, Anand R, EzEldeen M, Geris L, Jacobs R, Bloemen V. Development of 3D Printed pNIPAM-Chitosan Scaffolds for Dentoalveolar Tissue Engineering. Gels 2024; 10:140. [PMID: 38391470 PMCID: PMC10887597 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
While available treatments have addressed a variety of complications in the dentoalveolar region, associated challenges have resulted in exploration of tissue engineering techniques. Often, scaffold biomaterials with specific properties are required for such strategies to be successful, development of which is an active area of research. This study focuses on the development of a copolymer of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) and chitosan, used for 3D printing of scaffolds for dentoalveolar regeneration. The synthesized material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the possibility of printing was evaluated through various printability tests. The rate of degradation and swelling was analyzed through gravimetry, and surface morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Viability of dental pulp stem cells seeded on the scaffolds was evaluated by live/dead analysis and DNA quantification. The results demonstrated successful copolymerization, and three formulations among various synthesized formulations were successfully 3D printed. Up to 35% degradability was confirmed within 7 days, and a maximum swelling of approximately 1200% was achieved. Furthermore, initial assessment of cell viability demonstrated biocompatibility of the developed scaffolds. While further studies are required to achieve the tissue engineering goals, the present results tend to indicate that the proposed hydrogel might be a valid candidate for scaffold fabrication serving dentoalveolar tissue engineering through 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Salar Amoli
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Resmi Anand
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mostafa EzEldeen
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven and Paediatric Dentistry and Special Dental Care, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA-R In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C (2419), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veerle Bloemen
- Surface and Interface Engineered Materials (SIEM), Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Mappa TA, Liu CM, Tseng CC, Ruslin M, Cheng JH, Lan WC, Huang BH, Cho YC, Hsieh CC, Kuo HH, Tsou CH, Shen YK. An Innovative Biofunctional Composite Hydrogel with Enhanced Printability, Rheological Properties, and Structural Integrity for Cell Scaffold Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3223. [PMID: 37571117 PMCID: PMC10421221 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to manipulate various biomaterials to find potential hydrogel formulations through three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting fabrication for tissue repair, reconstruction, or regeneration. The hydrogels were prepared using sodium alginate and gelatin combined with different concentrations of Pluronic F127 (6% (3 g), 8% (4 g), and 10% (5 g)) and were marked as AGF-6%, AGF-8%, and AGF-10%, respectively. The properties of the hydrogels were investigated using a contact angle goniometer, rheometer, and 3D bioprinter. In addition, the osteoblast-like cell line (MG-63) was used to evaluate the cell viability including hydrogels before and after 3D bioprinting. It was found that the ratio of contact angle was lowest at AGF-6%, and the rheological results were higher for all samples of AGF-6%, AGF-8%, and AGF-10% compared with the control sample. The printability indicated that the AGF-6% hydrogel possessed great potential in creating a cell scaffold with shape integrity. Moreover, the live/dead assay also presented the highest numbers of live cells before printing compared with after printing. However, the number of live cells on day 7 was higher than on day 1 before and after printing (** p < 0.01). Therefore, the combination of AGF-6% could be developed as a biofunctional hydrogel formulation for potential tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taufik Abdullah Mappa
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.A.M.)
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia;
| | - Chung-Ming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Chih Tseng
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Muhammad Ruslin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia;
| | - Jui-Hung Cheng
- Department of Mold and Die Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Chien Lan
- Department of Oral Hygiene Care, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 203, Taiwan;
| | - Bai-Hung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Dental Science, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Chieh Cho
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (T.A.M.)
| | - Chia-Chien Hsieh
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Hui Kuo
- Research Center for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Han Tsou
- Department of Dentistry, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kang Shen
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
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Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Yan X, Wang L, Yuan X. Wrinkled topography regulates osteogenesis via autophagy-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 151:105700. [PMID: 37094411 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different dimensional wrinkled in topography on the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and explored the underlying mechanisms. DESIGN Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a wrinkled topography was synthesized using an elastomer base and crosslinking while observing by atomic force microscopy. MC3T3-E1 proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8) assays and the cell morphology was determined by phalloidin staining. Osteogenetic genes expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. In addition, Autophagy-related genes expression levels were evaluated by immunostaining and western blotting in MC3T3-E1 in order to assess the induction of autophagy. RESULTS In this experiment, the 0.7 µm amplitude and 3 µm wavelength (W3) group increased the expression of osteogenic markers, whereas the 4.3 µm amplitude and 27 µm wavelength (W27) group showed inhibition. Both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of β-catenin, compared with those of the Flat, W3 increased, whereas W27 decreased. At the same time, the autophagy was consistent with the influence of the topography on osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, using CQ or RAPA significantly inhibited or promoted autophagy, as well as partially decreasing or increasing osteogenesis, respectively. Infecting siRNA-β-catenin decreased the expression of RUNX2 and OSX in MC3T3-E1 cells both treated with CQ and RAPA. CONCLUSIONS Wrinkled topographies activated the autophagy-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and affected the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The introduction of aligned topographies on biomaterial scaffolds could provide physical cues with which modulate MC3T3-E1 responses for bone engineering constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Disease and Biomedical Sciences and Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education and Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401174, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Peng W, Liu Y, Wang C. Definition, measurement, and function of pore structure dimensions of bioengineered porous bone tissue materials based on additive manufacturing: A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1081548. [PMID: 36686223 PMCID: PMC9845791 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1081548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioengineered porous bone tissue materials based on additive manufacturing technology have gradually become a research hotspot in bone tissue-related bioengineering. Research on structural design, preparation and processing processes, and performance optimization has been carried out for this material, and further industrial translation and clinical applications have been implemented. However, based on previous studies, there is controversy in the academic community about characterizing the pore structure dimensions of porous materials, with problems in the definition logic and measurement method for specific parameters. In addition, there are significant differences in the specific morphological and functional concepts for the pore structure due to differences in defining the dimensional characterization parameters of the pore structure, leading to some conflicts in perceptions and discussions among researchers. To further clarify the definitions, measurements, and dimensional parameters of porous structures in bioengineered bone materials, this literature review analyzes different dimensional characterization parameters of pore structures of porous materials to provide a theoretical basis for unified definitions and the standardized use of parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,Foshan Orthopedic Implant (Stable) Engineering Technology Research Center, Foshan, China
| | - Yami Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,Foshan Orthopedic Implant (Stable) Engineering Technology Research Center, Foshan, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China,*Correspondence: Cheng Wang,
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Generation of Controlled Micrometric Fibers inside Printed Scaffolds Using Standard FDM 3D Printers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010096. [PMID: 36616446 PMCID: PMC9824594 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
New additive manufacturing techniques, such as melting electro-writing (MEW) or near-field electrospinning (NFES), are now used to include microfibers inside 3D printed scaffolds as FDM printers present a limited resolution in the XY axis, not making it easy to go under 100 µm without dealing with nozzle troubles. This work studies the possibility of creating reproducible microscopic internal fibers inside scaffolds printed by standard 3D printing. For this purpose, novel algorithms generating deposition routines (G-code) based on primitive geometrical figures were created by python scripts, modifying basic deposition conditions such as temperature, speed, or material flow. To evaluate the influence of these printing conditions on the creation of internal patterns at the microscopic level, an optical analysis of the printed scaffolds was carried out using a digital microscope and subsequent image analysis with ImageJ software. To conclude, the formation of heterogeneously shaped microfilaments (48 ± 12 µm, mean ± S.D.) was achieved in a standard FDM 3D Printer with the strategies developed in this work, and it was found that the optimum conditions for obtaining such microfibers were high speeds and a reduced extrusion multiplier.
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Optimizing Design Parameters of PLA 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Bone Defect Repair. SURGERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/surgeries3030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current materials used to fill bone defects (ceramics, cement) either lack strength or do not induce bone repair. The use of biodegradable polymers such as PLA may promote patient healing by stimulating the production of new bone in parallel with a controlled degradation of the scaffold. This project aims to determine the design parameters maximising scaffold mechanical performance in such materials. Starting from a base cylindrical model of 10 mm height and of outer and inner diameters of 10 and 4 mm, respectively, 27 scaffolds were designed. Three design parameters were investigated: pore distribution (crosswise, lengthwise, and eccentric), pore shape (triangular, circular, and square), and pore size (surface area of 0.25 mm2, 0.5625 mm2, and 1 mm2). Using the finite element approach, a compressive displacement (0.05 mm/s up to 15% strain) was simulated on the models and the resulting scaffold stiffnesses (N/mm2) were compared. The models presenting good mechanical behaviors were further printed along two orientations: 0° (cylinder sitting on its base) and 90° (cylinder laying on its side). A total of n = 5 specimens were printed with PLA for each of the retained models and experimentally tested using a mechanical testing machine with the same compression parameters. Rigidity and yield strength were evaluated from the experimental curves. Both numerically and experimentally, the highest rigidity was found in the model with circular pore shape, crosswise pore distribution, small pore size (surface area of 0.25 mm2), and a 90° printing orientation. Its average rigidity reached 961 ± 32 MPa from the mechanical testing and 797 MPa from the simulation, with a yield strength of 42 ± 1.5 MPa. The same model with a printing orientation of 0° resulted in an average rigidity of 515 ± 7 MPa with a yield strength of 32 ± 1.6 MPa. Printing orientation and pore size were found to be the most influential design parameters on rigidity. The developed design methodology should accelerate the identification of effective scaffolds for future in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Kim GJ, Lee KJ, Choi JW, An JH. Drug Evaluation Based on a Multi-Channel Cell Chip with a Horizontal Co-Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6997. [PMID: 34209790 PMCID: PMC8269340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a multi-channel cell chip containing a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold for horizontal co-culture and drug toxicity screening in multi-organ culture (human glioblastoma, cervical cancer, normal liver cells, and normal lung cells). The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) multi-channel cell chip (PMCCC) was based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. The architecture of the PMCCC was an open-type cell chip and did not require a pump or syringe. We investigated cell proliferation and cytotoxicity by conducting 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays and analysis of oleanolic acid (OA)-treated multi-channel cell chips. The results of the MTT and LDH assays showed that OA treatment in the multi-channel cell chip of four cell lines enhanced chemoresistance of cells compared with that in the 2D culture. Furthermore, we demonstrated the feasibility of the application of our multi-channel cell chip in various analysis methods through Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, which is not used for conventional cell chips. Taken together, the results demonstrated that the PMCCC may be used as a new 3D platform because it enables simultaneous drug screening in multiple cells by single point injection and allows analysis of various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Ji Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 07661, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Kwon-Jai Lee
- College of H-LAC, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea;
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Jeung Hee An
- Department of Food and Nutrition, KC University, Seoul 07661, Korea;
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Kirillova A, Yeazel TR, Asheghali D, Petersen SR, Dort S, Gall K, Becker ML. Fabrication of Biomedical Scaffolds Using Biodegradable Polymers. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11238-11304. [PMID: 33856196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Degradable polymers are used widely in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Maturing capabilities in additive manufacturing coupled with advances in orthogonal chemical functionalization methodologies have enabled a rapid evolution of defect-specific form factors and strategies for designing and creating bioactive scaffolds. However, these defect-specific scaffolds, especially when utilizing degradable polymers as the base material, present processing challenges that are distinct and unique from other classes of materials. The goal of this review is to provide a guide for the fabrication of biodegradable polymer-based scaffolds that includes the complete pathway starting from selecting materials, choosing the correct fabrication method, and considering the requirements for tissue specific applications of the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kirillova
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Taylor R Yeazel
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Darya Asheghali
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shannon R Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Sophia Dort
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ken Gall
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Assessment of a PCL-3D Printing-Dental Pulp Stem Cells Triplet for Bone Engineering: An In Vitro Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071154. [PMID: 33916576 PMCID: PMC8038447 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The search of suitable combinations of stem cells, biomaterials and scaffolds manufacturing methods have become a major focus of research for bone engineering. The aim of this study was to test the potential of dental pulp stem cells to attach, proliferate, mineralize and differentiate on 3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. A 100% pure Mw: 84,500 ± 1000 PCL was selected. 5 × 10 × 5 mm3 parallelepiped scaffolds were designed as a wood-pilled structure composed of 20 layers of 250 μm in height, in a non-alternate order ([0,0,0,90,90,90°]). 3D printing was made at 170 °C. Swine dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were extracted from lower lateral incisors of swine and cultivated until the cells reached 80% confluence. The third passage was used for seeding on the scaffolds. Phenotype of cells was determined by flow Cytometry. Live and dead, Alamar blue™, von Kossa and alizarin red staining assays were performed. Scaffolds with 290 + 30 μm strand diameter, 938 ± 80 μm pores in the axial direction and 689 ± 13 μm pores in the lateral direction were manufactured. Together, cell viability tests, von Kossa and Alizarin red staining indicate the ability of the printed scaffolds to support DPSCs attachment, proliferation and enable differentiation followed by mineralization. The selected material-processing technique-cell line (PCL-3D printing-DPSCs) triplet can be though to be used for further modelling and preclinical experiments in bone engineering studies.
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Wang W, Gao Q, Yu Z, Wang Y, Jiang M, Sun S, Wang P, Li Y, Meir YJJ, Li G, Zhou H. Opening the Soul Window Manually: Limbal Tissue Scaffolds with Electrospun Polycaprolactone/Gelatin Nanocomposites. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000300. [PMID: 33205604 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Restricted by the difficulty in fabricating scaffolds suitable for cell proliferation, the use of ex vivo expanded limbal stem cell (LSC) for LSC transplantation, an effective treatment method for patients with limb stem cell deficiency (LSCD), is hard to be widely used in clinical practice. To tackle these challenges, a novel electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin nanocomposite is proposed to make 3D scaffolds for limbal niche cells (LNC) proliferation in vitro, which is a milestone in the treatment of diseases such as LSCD. PCL and gelatin in different weight ratios are dissolved in a mixed solvent, and then electrospinning and cross-linking are performed to prepare a scaffold for cell proliferation. The characterizations of the nanocomposites indicate that the gelatin content has a significant effect on its micro-morphology, thermal properties, crystallinity, degradation temperature, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties. P8G2-C (PCL: gelatin = 80: 20, cross-linked), with smooth fibers and homogeneous pores, has better hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, and flexibility, so it can support LNC as cell proliferation assays revealed. This detailed investigation presented here demonstrates the feasibility of using PCL/gelatin nanocomposites electrospun fiber membranes as a limbus tissue engineering scaffold, which undoubtedly provide a new perspective for the development of tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Qingqin Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Renhe Hospital affiliated to Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443001, China
| | - Zhaohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Menglin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renhe Hospital affiliated to Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, 443001, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yaa-Jyuhn James Meir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Guigang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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