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Chen J, Li S, Wang X, Fang L, Huang D, Ke L, Chen J, Wang Q, Zhang H, Wu Y, Zhu D, Li C, Hao X. Synthesis and Characterization of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives Based on a Naphthyl Curing Agent. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4516. [PMID: 38231956 PMCID: PMC10707846 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of a naphthyl curing agent (NCA) can enhance the thermal stability of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). In this study, a PSA matrix was synthesized using a solution polymerization process and consisted of butyl acrylate, acrylic acid, and an ethyl acrylate within an acrylic copolymer. Benzoyl peroxide was used as an initiator during the synthesis. To facilitate the UV curing of the solvent-borne PSAs, glycidyl methacrylate was added to introduce unsaturated carbon double bonds. The resulting UV-curable acrylic PSA tapes exhibited longer holding times at high temperatures (150 °C) compared to uncross-linked PSA tapes, without leaving any residues on the substrate surface. The thermal stability of the PSA was further enhanced by adding more NCA and increasing the UV dosage. This may be attributed to the formation of cross-linking networks within the polymer matrix at higher doses. The researchers successfully balanced the adhesion performance and thermal stability by modifying the amount of NCA and UV radiation, despite the peel strength declining and the holding duration shortening. This research also investigated the effects of cross-linking density on gel content, molecular weight, glass transition temperature, and other properties of the PSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Shiting Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lili Fang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Dingding Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lin Ke
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jinlian Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - He Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Yinping Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Dongyu Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Chunsheng Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Xiangying Hao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China; (J.C.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (L.F.); (D.H.); (L.K.); (J.C.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
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Rodrigues VCMB, Marques EAS, Carbas RJC, Youngberg M, Dussaud A, Beygi R, da Silva LFM. The Development and Study of a New Silylated Polyurethane-Based Flexible Adhesive-Part 2: Joint Testing and Numerical Modelling. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7022. [PMID: 37959619 PMCID: PMC10649326 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The need for more sustainable adhesive formulations has presented the possibility of using silane-based adhesives in the automotive industry. In this work, a dual-cure two-component silylated polyurethane resin (SPUR) adhesive was tested in single-lap joints, to assess in-joint behaviour at room temperature under quasi-static conditions for aluminium substrates. The effect of two different overlap lengths, 25 and 50 mm, was also considered. A numerical model was built using cohesive zone modelling in finite element software, to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of the joint. The model was fed with data experimentally withdrawn from the first part of this paper. A triangular-shaped cohesive zone model (CZM) law was chosen as the adhesive behaviour was highly elastic and lacked yielding phenomena. The experimental results served as the base for the numerical validation, allowing accurate CZM parameters to be successfully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco C. M. B. Rodrigues
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.M.B.R.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | - Eduardo A. S. Marques
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.A.S.M.); (L.F.M.d.S.)
| | - Ricardo J. C. Carbas
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.M.B.R.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | - Michael Youngberg
- Momentive Performance Materials Inc., 769 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA; (M.Y.); (A.D.)
| | - Anne Dussaud
- Momentive Performance Materials Inc., 769 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA; (M.Y.); (A.D.)
| | - Reza Beygi
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.C.M.B.R.); (R.J.C.C.)
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.A.S.M.); (L.F.M.d.S.)
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3
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Tretyakov IV, Petrova TV, Kireynov AV, Korokhin RA, Platonova EO, Alexeeva OV, Gorbatkina YA, Solodilov VI, Yurkov GY, Berlin AA. Fracture of Epoxy Matrixes Modified with Thermo-Plastic Polymers and Winding Glass Fibers Reinforced Plastics on Their Base under Low-Velocity Impact Condition. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2958. [PMID: 37447603 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The work is aimed at studying the impact resistance of epoxy oligomer matrices (EO) modified with polysulfone (PSU) or polyethersulfone (PES) and glass fibers reinforced plastics (GFRP) based on them under low-velocity impact conditions. The concentration dependences of strength and fracture energy of modified matrices and GFRP were determined. It has been determined that the type of concentration curves of the fracture energy of GFRP depends on the concentration and type of the modifying polymer. It is shown that strength σ and fracture energy EM of thermoplastic-modified epoxy matrices change little in the concentration range from 0 to 15 wt.%. However, even with the introduction of 20 wt.% PSU into EO, the strength increases from 164 MPa to 200 MPa, and the fracture energy from 32 kJ/m2 to 39 kJ/m2. The effect of increasing the strength and fracture energy of modified matrices is retained in GFRP. The maximum increase in shear strength (from 72 MPa to 87 MPa) is observed for GFRP based on the EO + 15 wt.% PSU matrix. For GFRP based on EO + 20 wt.% PES, the shear strength is reduced to 69 MPa. The opposite effect is observed for the EO + 20 wt.% PES matrix, where the strength value decreases from 164 MPa to 75 MPa, and the energy decreases from 32 kJ/m2 to 10 kJ/m2. The reference value for the fracture energy of GFRP 615 is 741 kJ/m2. The maximum fracture energy for GFRP is based on EO + 20 wt.% PSU increases to 832 kJ/m2 for GFRP based on EO + 20 wt.% PES-up to 950 kJ/m2. The study of the morphology of the fracture surfaces of matrices and GFRP confirmed the dependence of impact characteristics on the microstructure of the modified matrices and the degree of involvement in the process of crack formation. The greatest effect is achieved for matrices with a phase structure "thermoplastic matrix-epoxy dispersion." Correlations between the fracture energy and strength of EO + PES matrices and GFRP have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Tretyakov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tuyara V Petrova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Kireynov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A Korokhin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena O Platonova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Alexeeva
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Gorbatkina
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaliy I Solodilov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb Yu Yurkov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Al Berlin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Structure and Properties of Epoxy Polysulfone Systems Modified with an Active Diluent. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235320. [PMID: 36501712 PMCID: PMC9736303 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An epoxy resin modified with polysulfone (PSU) and active diluent furfuryl glycidyl ether (FGE) was studied. Triethanolaminotitanate (TEAT) and iso-methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (iso-MTHPA) were used as curing agents. It is shown that during the curing of initially homogeneous mixtures, heterogeneous structures are formed. The type of these structures depends on the concentration of active diluent and the type of hardener. The physico-mechanical properties of the hybrid matrices are determined by the structure formed. The maximum resistance to a growing crack is provided by structures with a thermoplastic-enriched matrix-interpenetrating structures. The main mechanism for increasing the energy of crack propagation is associated with the implementation of microplasticity of extended phases enriched in polysulfone and their involvement in the fracture process.
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Luo X, Li Y, Sun Z, Wang G, Xin J. Preparation and research of epoxy modified by carboxyl-terminated polybutylene adipate at room temperature. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20471-20480. [PMID: 35919166 PMCID: PMC9284665 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02915d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, carboxyl-terminated polybutylene adipate (CTPBA) was used to modify epoxy resin, and the modified epoxy resin was cured by a room temperature rapid curing agent (T-31). The effects of CTPBA modification on bonding properties and mechanical properties of epoxy resin adhesive at room temperature were carefully studied. Epoxy-terminated prepolymer was synthesized by pre-polymerization and its structure was characterized. Compared with the addition method of direct blending, the bonding properties and mechanical properties of pre-polymerized epoxy resin adhesive were significantly better. Compared with unmodified epoxy resin, CTPBA modification significantly improved the bonding strength. Furthermore, with the increase of CTPBA content, the shear strength of the material increased first and then decreased, and reached the maximum when the addition amount was 40 phr. This shows that the tensile strength of the material decreased with the increase of CTPBA content, and the elongation at break increased with the increase of CTPBA content. Dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) test results showed that the addition of CTPBA reduced the glass transition temperature, but broadened the damping temperature range. TG analysis showed that the thermal stability of the modified epoxy resin was good, and compared with pure epoxy resin, the initial temperature of thermal weight loss and the maximum thermal decomposition rate decreased, but the overall thermal stability was not significantly different. In summary, CTPBA modification of epoxy resin is expected to improve the comprehensive mechanical properties at room temperature. In this study, carboxyl-terminated poly(butylene adipate) (CTPBA) was synthesized, which was terminated with epoxy and used as a toughening agent to modify the epoxy resin, and the modified epoxy resin was cured at room temperature.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Luo
- Department of Basic, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Basic, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Zhaoyi Sun
- Department of Basic, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Guorong Wang
- Department of Basic, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Jie Xin
- Department of Basic, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
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Yue C, Dong S, Weng L, Wang Y, Zhao L. Environmental Resistance and Fatigue Behaviors of Epoxy/Nano-Boron Nitride Thermally Conductive Structural Film Adhesive Toughened by Polyphenoxy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193253. [PMID: 34641068 PMCID: PMC8513045 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermally conductive structural film adhesive not only carries large loads but also exhibits excellent heat-transfer performance, which has huge application prospects. Herein, a novel epoxy (Ep) thermally conductive structural film adhesive was prepared using polyphenoxy (PHO) as the toughening agent and film former, boron nitride (BN) nanosheets as the thermally conductive filler, and polyester fabric as the carrier. When the amount of PHO in the epoxy matrix was 30 phr and the content of nano-BN was 30 wt.% (Ep/PHO30/nBN30), the adhesive resin system showed good film-forming properties, thermal stability, and thermal conductivity. The glass transition temperature of Ep/PHO30/nBN30 was 215 °C, and the thermal conductivity was 209.5% higher than that of the pure epoxy resin. The Ep/PHO30/nBN30 film adhesive possessed excellent adhesion and peeling properties, and the double-lap shear strength at room temperature reached 36.69 MPa, which was 21.3% higher than that of pure epoxy resin. The double-lap shear strength reached 15.41 MPa at 150 °C, demonstrating excellent high temperature resistance. In addition, the Ep/PHO30/nBN30 film adhesive exhibited excellent heat-aging resistance, humidity, and medium resistance, and the shear strength retention rate after exposure to the complicated environment reached more than 90%. The structural film adhesive prepared showed excellent fatigue resistance in the dynamic load fatigue test, the double-lap shear strength still reached 35.55 MPa after 1,000,000 fatigue cycles, and the strength retention rate was 96.9%, showing excellent durability and fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng’e Yue
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (C.Y.); (S.D.); (Y.W.)
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shaobo Dong
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (C.Y.); (S.D.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ling Weng
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); or (L.Z.)
| | - Yazhen Wang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composition Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; (C.Y.); (S.D.); (Y.W.)
| | - Liwei Zhao
- Institute of Petrochemistry, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); or (L.Z.)
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Okoro C, Mohammed Z, Jeelani S, Rangari V. Plasticizing effect of biodegradable dipropylene glycol bibenzoate and epoxidized linseed oil on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A based epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu Okoro
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Tuskegee University Tuskegee Alabama USA
| | - Zaheeruddin Mohammed
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Tuskegee University Tuskegee Alabama USA
| | - Shaik Jeelani
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Tuskegee University Tuskegee Alabama USA
| | - Vijaya Rangari
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Tuskegee University Tuskegee Alabama USA
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Baek D, Sim KB, Kim HJ. Mechanical Characterization of Core-Shell Rubber/Epoxy Polymers for Automotive Structural Adhesives as a Function of Operating Temperature. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050734. [PMID: 33673513 PMCID: PMC7956831 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Automotive structural adhesives must show a steady toughness performance in the temperature range of −40 °C to 80 °C, considering their actual usage environments. Core-shell rubber (CSR) nanoparticles are known to enhance the toughness of epoxy systems. In this study, a CSR, pre-dispersed, diglycidyl epoxy of bisphenol A (DGEBA) mixture at 35 wt % (KDAD-7101, Kukdo Chemical, Seoul, Korea) was used as a toughener for an automotive structural epoxy adhesive system. A simple, single-component, epoxy system of DGEBA/dicyandiamide with a latent accelerator was adopted, where the CSR content of the system was controlled from 0 to 50 phr by the CSR mixture. To determine the curing conditions, we studied the curing behavior of the system by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Modulus variations of the cured bulk epoxies were studied using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) in the dual cantilever mode. The flexural modulus of the cured epoxies at various temperatures (−40, −10, 20, 50, and 80 °C) showed the same tendency as the DMA results, and as the flexural strength, except at 0 phr. On the other hand, the strain at break exhibited the opposite tendency to the flexural modulus. To study the adhesion behavior, we performed single-lap joint (SLJ) and impact wedge-peel (IWP) tests. As the CSR content increased, the strength of the SLJ and dynamic resistance to the cleavage of the IWP improved. In particular, the SLJ showed excellent strength at low temperatures (32.74 MPa at 50 phr @ −40 °C (i.e., an 190% improvement compared to 17.2 MPa at 0 phr @ −40 °C)), and the IWP showed excellent energy absorption at high temperatures (21.73 J at 50 phr @ 80 °C (i.e., a 976% improvement compared to 2.07 J at 0 phr @ 80 °C)). The results were discussed in relation to the changes in the properties of the bulk epoxy depending on the temperature and CSR content. The morphology of the fracture surface was also provided, which offered useful information for composition studies using the CSR/epoxy system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Baek
- Laboratory of Adhesion and Bio-Composites, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.B.); (K.-B.S.)
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyeng-Bo Sim
- Laboratory of Adhesion and Bio-Composites, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.B.); (K.-B.S.)
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Adhesion and Bio-Composites, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (D.B.); (K.-B.S.)
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-4784; Fax: +82-2-873-2318
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9
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Chae GS, Park HW, Kwon K, Shin S. Comparative Study of the Impact Wedge-Peel Performance of Epoxy Structural Adhesives Modified with Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030469. [PMID: 33540714 PMCID: PMC7867298 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy structural adhesives have strong adhesion, minimal shrinkage and high thermal and chemical resistance. However, despite these excellent properties, their high-energy impact resistance should be improved to satisfy the increasing demands of the automotive industry. For this reason, we used four types of silica nanoparticles with different surface groups, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), hydroxyl, epoxy and amine groups, as toughening agents and examined their effect on the glass transition temperature (Tg), crosslinking density and phase separation of epoxy structural adhesives. High-energy impact resistance, mode I fracture toughness and lap shear strength were also measured to explain the effect of surface functional groups. Silica nanoparticles with reactive functional groups increased the mode I fracture toughness of epoxy structural adhesives without sacrificing the crosslinking density. Although the mode I fracture toughness of epoxy structural adhesives could not clearly show the effect of surface functional groups, the dynamic resistance to cleavage obtained by impact wedge-peel tests showed quite different values. At a 0.3 vol% content, epoxy-functionalized silica nanoparticles induced the highest value (40.2 N/mm) compared to PDMS (34.1 N/m), hydroxyl (34.9 N/mm), and amine (36.1 N/m). All of these values were significantly higher than those of pristine epoxy structural adhesive (27.7 N/mm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Seok Chae
- Green Chemistry & Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan, Chungnam 31056, Korea; (G.-S.C.); (H.-W.P.); (K.K.)
- Department of Green Process and System Engineering, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Chungnam 34113, Korea
| | - Hee-Woong Park
- Green Chemistry & Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan, Chungnam 31056, Korea; (G.-S.C.); (H.-W.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Kiok Kwon
- Green Chemistry & Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan, Chungnam 31056, Korea; (G.-S.C.); (H.-W.P.); (K.K.)
| | - Seunghan Shin
- Green Chemistry & Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan, Chungnam 31056, Korea; (G.-S.C.); (H.-W.P.); (K.K.)
- Department of Green Process and System Engineering, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Chungnam 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-415898422 or +82-415898580
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