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Hidalgo-Carvajal D, Muñoz ÁH, Garrido-González JJ, Carrasco-Gallego R, Alcázar Montero V. Recycled PLA for 3D Printing: A Comparison of Recycled PLA Filaments from Waste of Different Origins after Repeated Cycles of Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3651. [PMID: 37688276 PMCID: PMC10490016 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work is to evaluate the reprocessing of PLA 3D printing waste from different origins, into filaments and films, and without the addition of any additive. Two types of waste were considered: a blend of different printing wastes (masks, visors, other components) of personal protective equipment coming from an association of Spanish coronamakers, and PLA waste from a single known commercial source. Both types of materials were subjected to repeated extrusion cycles and processed into films by compression molding. Samples were characterized after each cycle and their mechanical and viscosity properties evaluated. Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) experiments were also carried out to estimate molecular weights. The results show a better performance for the PLA waste from the known origin, capable of withstanding up to three re-extrusion cycles per two for the waste blending, without significant degradation. Additionally, a model to address collection and mechanical recycling cycles under two different scenarios (full traceability and not full traceability) was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hidalgo-Carvajal
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain (R.C.-G.)
| | - Álvaro Hortal Muñoz
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain (R.C.-G.)
- Dirección de Compras Industrial y Cliente, Repsol, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ruth Carrasco-Gallego
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain (R.C.-G.)
| | - Victoria Alcázar Montero
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain (R.C.-G.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Gerber T, Nunes A, Moreira BR, Maraschin M. Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) for new therapeutic and nutraceutical interventions: A review of patents issued in the last 20 years (2000-2020). Phytother Res 2023; 37:527-548. [PMID: 36180970 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that more than 70% of all drugs approved worldwide between 1981 and 2006 for human health are derived from or structurally similar to natural compounds. The identification of biological matrices containing bioactive compounds with therapeutic and nutraceutical potential is necessary to supply the global market demands. Researches have indicated that the consumption of dry and aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. is safe, providing that plant biomass does not be exposed to smoke over the drying process, avoiding contamination (e.g., ) with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, and can might help avoiding many diseases, with important potential applications in the pharma and nutraceutical industries. A survey was carried out covering the main therapeutic and nutraceutical studies performed on I. paraguariensis extracts and their relationship with the global patents granted in the last 20 years for the products using this specie in their composition. In the PubMed database, by searching for the term "Ilex paraguariensis," an output with 497 scientific publications was found. Each paper was analyzed individually and 26 publications encompassing exclusively therapeutical and nutraceutical approaches of that plant species were selected. For the patent screening regarding Ilex-derived products, the survey considered three patent databases: European Patent Office (EPO) (Espacenet), World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO), and National Institute of Industrial Property (NIIP-Brazil). The criterion chosen to select the patents in the databases was the inclusion of the terms "Ilex paraguariensis" and "yerba mate" in the title and/or in the abstract, considering the patents issued from 2000 to 2020. Additionally, only patents with therapeutic and nutraceutical potential were considered on the survey. The screening and selection of the documents were performed independently by two researchers and the information cross-checked at the end. This review contributes to show the state of the art over the last 20 years on the knowledge about the therapeutical and nutraceutical usages of the yerba mate, associated to a certain number of issued patents. The patent survey afforded 62 relevant documents covering products based on Ilex paraguariensis biomass. Considering the number of patents issued, most of them are related to the pharmaceutical area (30), followed by food supplements and beverages (17), cosmetics (10) and, finally, nutraceuticals (5). A detailed analysis of the patents issued showed that most are related to pharmaceutical grade products, generally, marketed as oral and injectable compositions for treatments of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipemia and diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, neurological diseases, and SARS-Cov-2, for example. In this work, a curious fact is that there are few patents for food, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals products containing yerba mate. Therefore, it seems to be relevant to take into account the potential of that species as source of bioactive compounds for the development of new products not only intended to the pharma sector. In this sense, 26 reports were identified showing possibilities and trendiness in developing new yerba mate based products, such as packaging, biopesticides, antiseptics, and food supply, expanding the possibilities of technological applications of this plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaise Gerber
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aline Nunes
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Bruna R Moreira
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Maraschin
- Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Plasticized Mechanical Recycled PLA Films Reinforced with Microbial Cellulose Particles Obtained from Kombucha Fermented in Yerba Mate Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020285. [PMID: 36679165 PMCID: PMC9864610 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, yerba mate waste (YMW) was used to produce a kombucha beverage, and the obtained microbial cellulose produced as a byproduct (KMW) was used to reinforce a mechanically recycled poly(lactic acid) (r-PLA) matrix. Microbial cellulosic particles were also produced in pristine yerba mate for comparison (KMN). To simulate the revalorization of the industrial PLA products rejected during the production line, PLA was subjected to three extrusion cycles, and the resultant pellets (r3-PLA) were then plasticized with 15 wt.% of acetyl tributyl citrate ester (ATBC) to obtain optically transparent and flexible films by the solvent casting method. The plasticized r3-PLA-ATBC matrix was then loaded with KMW and KMN in 1 and 3 wt.%. The use of plasticizer allowed a good dispersion of microbial cellulose particles into the r3-PLA matrix, allowing us to obtain flexible and transparent films which showed good structural and mechanical performance. Additionally, the obtained films showed antioxidant properties, as was proven by release analyses conducted in direct contact with a fatty food simulant. The results suggest the potential interest of these recycled and biobased materials, which are obtained from the revalorization of food waste, for their industrial application in food packaging and agricultural films.
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Transparency of polymeric food packaging materials. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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SÖĞÜT E, SEYDİM AC. Utilization of Kiwi Peel Lignocellulose as Fillers in Poly(Lactic Acid) Films. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1024326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Biopolymers from Natural Resources. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152532. [PMID: 34372135 PMCID: PMC8347402 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Beltrán FR, Arrieta MP, Elena Antón D, Lozano-Pérez AA, Cenis JL, Gaspar G, de la Orden MU, Martínez Urreaga J. Effect of Yerba Mate and Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles on the Migration Properties in Ethanolic Food Simulants and Composting Disintegrability of Recycled PLA Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121925. [PMID: 34200571 PMCID: PMC8230047 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of the present research is to study the effect of the incorporation of low amounts of silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFNs) and yerba mate nanoparticles (YMNs) on the migration phenomenon into ethanolic food simulants as well as on the disintegrability under composting conditions of mechanically recycled polylactic acid (PLA). Recycled PLA was obtained under simulated recycling conditions by melt processing virgin PLA into films and further subjecting them to an accelerated aging process, which involved photochemical, thermal, and hydrothermal aging steps followed by an intense washing step. SFNs were extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons and YMNs from yerba mate waste. Then, recycled PLA was melted, reprocessed, and reinforced with either 1%wt. of SFNs or YMNs, by melt extrusion, and further processed into films by compression molding. The obtained nanocomposites were exposed to ethanolic food simulants (ethanol 10% v/v, simulant A and ethanol 50% v/v, simulant D1) and the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties were studied before and after the exposure to the food simulants. The migration levels in both food simulants were below the overall migration limits required for food contact materials. The materials were disintegrated under simulated composting conditions at the laboratory scale level and it was observed that the nanoparticles delayed the disintegration rate of the recycled PLA matrix, but nanocomposites were fully disintegrated in less than one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddys R. Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marina P. Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-910-677-301
| | - Diego Elena Antón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
| | - Antonio A. Lozano-Pérez
- Depertamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.L.-P.); (J.L.C.)
| | - José L. Cenis
- Depertamento de Biotecnología, Genómica y Mejora Vegetal, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), 30150 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.L.-P.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Gerald Gaspar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
| | - María U. de la Orden
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
- Deparamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez Urreaga
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (F.R.B.); (D.E.A.); (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), Madrid, Spain;
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Improvement of PBAT Processability and Mechanical Performance by Blending with Pine Resin Derivatives for Injection Moulding Rigid Packaging with Enhanced Hydrophobicity. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122891. [PMID: 33276625 PMCID: PMC7761566 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) is a biodegradable polymer with good features for packaging applications. However, the mechanical performance and high prices of PBAT limit its current usage at the commercial level. To improve the properties and reduce the cost of PBAT, pine resin derivatives, gum rosin (GR) and pentaerythritol ester of GR (UT), were proposed as sustainable additives. For this purpose, PBAT was blended with 5, 10, and 15 wt.% of additives by melt-extrusion followed by injection moulding. The overall performance of the formulations was assessed by tensile test, microstructural, thermal, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results showed that although good miscibility of both resins with PBAT matrix was achieved, GR in 10 wt.% showed better interfacial adhesion with the PBAT matrix than UT. The thermal characterization suggested that GR and UT reduce PBAT melting enthalpy and enhance its thermal stability, improving PBAT processability. A 10 wt.% of GR significantly increased the tensile properties of PBAT, while a 15 wt.% of UT maintained PBAT tensile performance. The obtained materials showed higher hydrophobicity than neat PBAT. Thus, GR and UT demonstrated that they are advantageous additives for PBAT–resin compounding for rigid food packaging which are easy to process and adequate for industrial scalability. At the same time, they enhance its mechanical and hydrophobic performance.
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Pawlak F, Aldas M, Parres F, López-Martínez J, Arrieta MP. Silane-Functionalized Sheep Wool Fibers from Dairy Industry Waste for the Development of Plasticized PLA Composites with Maleinized Linseed Oil for Injection-Molded Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2523. [PMID: 33137961 PMCID: PMC7692624 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was plasticized with maleinized linseed oil (MLO) and further reinforced with sheep wool fibers recovered from the dairy industry. The wool fibers were firstly functionalized with 1 and 2.5 phr of tris(2-methoxyethoxy)(vinyl) (TVS) silane coupling agent and were further used in 1, 5, and 10 phr to reinforce the PLA/MLO matrix. Then, the composite materials were processed by extrusion, followed by injection-molding processes. The mechanical, thermal, microstructural, and surface properties were assessed. While the addition of untreated wool fibers to the plasticized PLA/MLO matrix caused a general decrease in the mechanical properties, the TVS treatment was able to slightly compensate for such mechanical losses. Additionally, a shift in cold crystallization and a decrease in the degree of crystallization were observed due to the fiber silane modification. The microstructural analysis confirmed enhanced interaction between silane-modified fibers and the polymeric matrix. The inclusion of the fiber into the PLA/MLO matrix made the obtained material more hydrophobic, while the yellowish color of the material increased with the fiber content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciszek Pawlak
- Faculty of Technology and Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonelle, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain; (F.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Miguel Aldas
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonelle, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain; (F.P.); (J.L.-M.)
- Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Agroindustria, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevera E11-253, Quito 170517, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Parres
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonelle, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain; (F.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Juan López-Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonelle, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain; (F.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Marina Patricia Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación—Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
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