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Capacitors Based on Polypyrrole Nanowire Electrodeposits. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245476. [PMID: 36559845 PMCID: PMC9782085 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical polymerization of polypyrrole nanowires is carried out using potentiodynamic and galvanostatic methods in order to enhance the performance of the modified electrodes as capacitor devices. The electrochemical, spectroscopic, and morphological properties are determined through cyclic voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, corroborating the presence of PPy-nw in dimensions of 30 nm in diameter. Characterization as a capacitor revealed that the nanowire structure enhances key parameters such as specific capacitance with 60 times greater value than bulk polymer modification, in addition to a significant increase in stability. In this way, it is verified that electrodes modified with polypyrrole nanowires obtained in situ by electrochemical methods constitute an excellent candidate for the development of capacitors.
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Zondaka Z, Le QB, Kiefer R. Polypyrrole with Embedded Carbide-Derived Carbon with and without Phosphor Tungsten Acid: Linear Actuation and Energy Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214757. [PMID: 36365750 PMCID: PMC9658178 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have focused on incorporating porous carbon particles such as carbon-derived carbon (CDC) into polypyrrole (PPy), preferably on the surface, to achieve high-capacitive electrodes. Less attention is afforded to their linear actuation properties. Therefore, in this work, we chose two different electropolymerization processes using the typical PPy doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS−) and added CDC particles, compared with CDC with phosphotungstic acid (PTA), forming CDC-PT4− dopants. The resulting PPy/DBS-CDC (PPyCDC) and PPy/DBS-CDC-PT (PPyCDC-PT) films showed different morphologies, with PPyCDC having the most CDC particles on the surface with less surrounding PPy, while in PPyCDC-PT, all the CDC particles were covered with PPy. Their linear actuation properties, applying electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry and square wave potential steps), were found to enhance the PPyCDC-PT films in organic (2-times-higher strain) and aqueous electrolytes (2.8-times-higher strain) in an applied potential range of 0.8 V to −0.5 V. The energy storage capability found for the PPyCDC was favorable, with 159 ± 13 F cm−3 (1.2 times lower for PPyCDC-PT) in the organic electrolyte, while in the aqueous electrolyte, a result of 135 ± 11 F cm−3 was determined (1.8 times lower for PPyCDC-PT). The results showed that PPyCDC was more favorable in terms of energy storage, while PPyCDC-PT was suitable for linear actuator applications. The characterization of both the film samples included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman, FTIR, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Quoc Bao Le
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-784566419
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Beregoi M, Beaumont S, Evanghelidis A, Otero TF, Enculescu I. Bioinspired polypyrrole based fibrillary artificial muscle with actuation and intrinsic sensing capabilities. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15019. [PMID: 36056150 PMCID: PMC9440232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-conventional, bioinspired device based on polypyrrole coated electrospun fibrous microstructures, which simultaneously works as artificial muscle and mechanical sensor is reported. Fibrous morphology is preferred due to its high active surface which can improve the actuation/sensing properties, its preparation still being challenging. Thus, a simple fabrication algorithm based on electrospinning, sputtering deposition and electrochemical polymerization produced electroactive aligned ribbon meshes with analogous characteristics as natural muscle fibers. These can simultaneously generate a movement (by applying an electric current/potential) and sense the effort of holding weights (by measuring the potential/current while holding objects up to 21.1 mg). Electroactivity was consisting in a fast bending/curling motion, depending on the fiber strip width. The amplitude of the movement decreases by increasing the load, a behavior similar with natural muscles. Moreover, when different weights were hung on the device, it senses the load modification, demonstrating a sensitivity of about 7 mV/mg for oxidation and - 4 mV/mg for reduction. These results are important since simultaneous actuation and sensitivity are essential for complex activity. Such devices with multiple functionalities can open new possibilities of applications as e.g. smart prosthesis or lifelike robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Beregoi
- Multifunctional Materials and Structures Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Str. 405A, 077125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Samuel Beaumont
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry Intelligent Materials and Devices, Technical University of Cartagena, Campus Alfonso XIII, 30203, Cartagena, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda Campus, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Japan
| | - Alexandru Evanghelidis
- Multifunctional Materials and Structures Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Str. 405A, 077125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Toribio F Otero
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry Intelligent Materials and Devices, Technical University of Cartagena, Campus Alfonso XIII, 30203, Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Ionut Enculescu
- Multifunctional Materials and Structures Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Str. 405A, 077125, Magurele, Romania.
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Rajan L, Sidheekha MP, Shabeeba A, Unnikrishnan SC, Ismail YA. Reactive sensing capability towards the working electrical and chemical conditions of poly (aniline –co–o-toluidine) copolymers. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tran CB, Zondaka Z, Le QB, Velmurugan BK, Kiefer R. Polypyrrole with Phosphor Tungsten Acid and Carbide-Derived Carbon: Change of Solvent in Electropolymerization and Linear Actuation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216302. [PMID: 34771828 PMCID: PMC8585407 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Linear actuators based on polypyrrole (PPy) are envisaged to have only one ion that triggers the actuation direction, either at oxidation (anion-driven) or at reduction (cation-driven). PPy doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (PPy/DBS) is the most common applied conducting polymer having cation-driven actuation in aqueous solvent and mainly anion-driven actuation in an organic electrolyte. It is somehow desired to have an actuator that is independent of the applied solvent in the same actuation direction. In this research we made PPy/DBS with the addition of phosphorus tungsten acid, forming PPyPT films, as well with included carbide derived carbon (CDC) resulting in PPyCDC films. The solvent in electropolymerization was changed from an aqueous ethylene glycol mixture to pure EG forming PPyPT-EG and PPyCDC-EG composites. Our goal in this study was to investigate the linear actuation properties of PPy composites applying sodium perchlorate in aqueous (NaClO4-aq) and propylene carbonate (NaClO4-PC) electrolytes. Cyclic voltammetry and square potential steps in combination with electro-chemo-mechanical-deformation (ECMD) measurements of PPy composite films were performed. The PPyPT and PPyCDC had mixed ion-actuation in NaClO4-PC while in NaClO4-aq expansion at reduction (cation-driven) was observed. Those novel PPy composites electropolymerized in EG solvent showed independently which solvent applied mainly expansion at reduction (cation-driven actuator). Chronopotentiometric measurements were performed on all composites, revealing excellent specific capacitance up to 190 F g-1 for PPyCDC-EG (best capacitance retention of 90 % after 1000 cycles) and 130 F g-1 for PPyPT-EG in aqueous electrolyte. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau B. Tran
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Quoc Bao Le
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Bharath Kumar Velmurugan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan;
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-905605515
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Arena A, Branca C, Ciofi C, D’Angelo G, Romano V, Scandurra G. Polypyrrole and Graphene Nanoplatelets Inks as Electrodes for Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitor. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102589. [PMID: 34685029 PMCID: PMC8540967 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexible energy storage devices and supercapacitors in particular have become very attractive due to the growing demand for wearable consumer devices. To obtain supercapacitors with improved performance, it is useful to resort to hybrid electrodes, usually nanocomposites, that combine the excellent charge transport properties and high surface area of nanostructured carbon with the electrochemical activity of suitable metal oxides or conjugated polymers. In this work, electrochemically active conducting inks are developed starting from commercially available polypyrrole and graphene nanoplatelets blended with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. Films prepared by applying the developed inks are characterized by means of Raman measurements, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) investigations. Planar supercapacitor prototypes with an active area below ten mm2 are then prepared by applying the inks onto transparency sheets, separated by an ion-permeable nafion layer impregnated with lithium hexafluorophospate, and characterized by means of electrical measurements. According to the experimental results, the devices show both pseudocapacitive and electric double layer behavior, resulting in areal capacitance that, when obtained from about 100 mF⋅cm-2 in the sample with polypyrrole-based electrodes, increases by a factor of about 3 when using electrodes deposited from inks containing polypyrrole and graphene nanoplateles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Arena
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Caterina Branca
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (G.D.); (V.R.)
| | - Carmine Ciofi
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanna D’Angelo
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (G.D.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentino Romano
- Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Physical Science and Earth Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.B.); (G.D.); (V.R.)
| | - Graziella Scandurra
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (C.C.); (G.S.)
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Zaszczyńska A, Gradys A, Sajkiewicz P. Progress in the Applications of Smart Piezoelectric Materials for Medical Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2754. [PMID: 33266424 PMCID: PMC7700596 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart piezoelectric materials are of great interest due to their unique properties. Piezoelectric materials can transform mechanical energy into electricity and vice versa. There are mono and polycrystals (piezoceramics), polymers, and composites in the group of piezoelectric materials. Recent years show progress in the applications of piezoelectric materials in biomedical devices due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Medical devices such as actuators and sensors, energy harvesting devices, and active scaffolds for neural tissue engineering are continually explored. Sensors and actuators from piezoelectric materials can convert flow rate, pressure, etc., to generate energy or consume it. This paper consists of using smart materials to design medical devices and provide a greater understanding of the piezoelectric effect in the medical industry presently. A greater understanding of piezoelectricity is necessary regarding the future development and industry challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Zaszczyńska
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5b St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.); (P.S.)
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