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Petsong K, Kaewthong P, Kingwascharapong P, Nilsuwan K, Karnjanapratum S, Tippayawat P. Potential of jackfruit inner skin fibre for encapsulation of probiotics on their stability against adverse conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11158. [PMID: 37429933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of jackfruit inner skin fibre (JS) incorporated with whey protein isolate (WPI) and soybean oil (SO) as a wall material for probiotic encapsulation to improve probiotic stability against freeze-drying and gastrointestinal (GI) tract conditions. Bifidobacterium bifidum TISTR2129, Bifidobacterium breve TISTR2130, and Lactobacillus acidophilus TISTR1338 were studied in terms of SCFA production and the antibiotic-resistant profile and in an antagonistic assay to select suitable strains for preparing a probiotic cocktail, which was then encapsulated. The results revealed that B. breve and L. acidophilus can be used effectively as core materials. JS showed the most influential effect on protecting probiotics from freeze-drying. WPI:SO:JS at a ratio of 3.9:2.4:3.7 was the optimized wall material, which provided an ideal formulation with 83.1 ± 6.1% encapsulation efficiency. This formulation presented > 50% probiotic survival after exposure to gastro-intestinal tract conditions. Up to 77.8 ± 0.1% of the encapsulated probiotics survived after 8 weeks of storage at refrigeration temperature. This study highlights a process and formulation to encapsulate probiotics for use as food supplements that could provide benefits to human health as well as an alternative approach to reduce agricultural waste by increasing the value of jackfruit inner skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantiya Petsong
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pensiri Kaewthong
- Department of Agro-Industry, School of Agricultural Technology, Food Technology and Innovation Research Centre of Excellence, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | | | - Krisana Nilsuwan
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Supatra Karnjanapratum
- Food Innovation and Packaging Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Mechanical and Water Absorption Characterization of Mango Seed Shell/Epoxy Composite for Low Load Carrying Structures. INT J POLYM SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/9976409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work deals with the characterization of mango seed shell fiber reinforced epoxy composites by using hand layup method by varying the volume composition of the mango seed shell from 0 vol. % to 60 vol. % (M-0 to M-60). The physical density test, tensile test, flexural test, and water absorption test were conducted as per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Results revealed that the tensile strength of M-20 (20 vol. %) is 43% more than a neat epoxy, while the flexural strength of M-50 (50 vol. %) is greater than 10.85% more than a neat epoxy. The water absorption test was conducted by immersing the samples in distilled water at room temperature, and the weight of the specimens was measured and recorded at every 24-hour time interval. For all composite samples, saturation in water absorption and thickness swelling were observed after 432 hours of water immersion. The moisture absorption increases with the inclusion of reinforcements as compared to the neat epoxy samples. However, for the M-50 composite, the water absorption decreases due to the uniform mixing and stronger bonding between the matrix and the reinforcements. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the composite specimens also depicted the particulate fiber distribution and the presence of micro-voids in the epoxy matrix.
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Progress in the Valorization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes: Active Packaging, Biocomposites, By-Products, and Innovative Technologies Used for Bioactive Compound Extraction. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203503. [PMID: 34685262 PMCID: PMC8539143 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Food Wastage Footprint and Climate Change Report, about 15% of all fruits and 25% of all vegetables are wasted at the base of the food production chain. The significant losses and wastes in the fresh and processing industries is becoming a serious environmental issue, mainly due to the microbial degradation impacts. There has been a recent surge in research and innovation related to food, packaging, and pharmaceutical applications to address these problems. The underutilized wastes (seed, skin, rind, and pomace) potentially present good sources of valuable bioactive compounds, including functional nutrients, amylopectin, phytochemicals, vitamins, enzymes, dietary fibers, and oils. Fruit and vegetable wastes (FVW) are rich in nutrients and extra nutritional compounds that contribute to the development of animal feed, bioactive ingredients, and ethanol production. In the development of active packaging films, pectin and other biopolymers are commonly used. In addition, the most recent research studies dealing with FVW have enhanced the physical, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of packaging and biocomposite systems. Innovative technologies that can be used for sensitive bioactive compound extraction and fortification will be crucial in valorizing FVW completely; thus, this article aims to report the progress made in terms of the valorization of FVW and to emphasize the applications of FVW in active packaging and biocomposites, their by-products, and the innovative technologies (both thermal and non-thermal) that can be used for bioactive compounds extraction.
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The Use of Thermal Techniques in the Characterization of Bio-Sourced Polymers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071686. [PMID: 33808127 PMCID: PMC8037720 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The public pressure about the problems derived from the environmental issues increasingly pushes the research areas, of both industrial and academic sectors, to design material architectures with more and more foundations and reinforcements derived from renewable sources. In these efforts, researchers make extensive and profound use of thermal analysis. Among the different techniques available, thermal analysis offers, in addition to high accuracy in the measurement, smartness of execution, allowing to obtain with a very limited quantity of material precious information regarding the property–structure correlation, essential not only in the production process, but overall, in the design one. Thus, techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were, are, and will be used in this transition from fossil feedstock to renewable ones, and in the development on new manufacturing processes such as those of additive manufacturing (AM). In this review, we report the state of the art of the last two years, as regards the use of thermal techniques in biopolymer design, polymer recycling, and the preparation of recyclable polymers as well as potential tools for biopolymer design in AM. For each study, we highlight how the most known thermal parameters, namely glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tf), crystallization temperature (Tc) and percentage (%c), initial decomposition temperature (Ti), temperature at maximum mass loss rate (Tm), and tan δ, helped the researchers in understanding the characteristics of the investigated materials and the right way to the best design and preparation.
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Nurazzi NM, Asyraf MRM, Khalina A, Abdullah N, Aisyah HA, Rafiqah SA, Sabaruddin FA, Kamarudin SH, Norrrahim MNF, Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM. A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Bullet Proof and Ballistic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:646. [PMID: 33671599 PMCID: PMC7926766 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) have been widely used in automotive and building industries, there is still a room to promote them to high-level structural applications such as primary structural component specifically for bullet proof and ballistic applications. The promising performance of Kevlar fabrics and aramid had widely implemented in numerous ballistic and bullet proof applications including for bullet proof helmets, vest, and other armor parts provides an acceptable range of protection to soldiers. However, disposal of used Kevlar products would affect the disruption of the ecosystem and pollutes the environment. Replacing the current Kevlar fabric and aramid in the protective equipment with natural fibers with enhanced kinetic energy absorption and dissipation has been significant effort to upgrade the ballistic performance of the composite structure with green and renewable resources. The vast availability, low cost and ease of manufacturing of natural fibers have grasped the attention of researchers around the globe in order to study them in heavy armory equipment and high durable products. The possibility in enhancement of natural fiber's mechanical properties has led the extension of research studies toward the application of NFRPCs for structural and ballistic applications. Hence, this article established a state-of-the-art review on the influence of utilizing various natural fibers as an alternative material to Kevlar fabric for armor structure system. The article also focuses on the effect of layering and sequencing of natural fiber fabric in the composites to advance the current armor structure system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nurazzi
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (S.A.R.); (F.A.S.); (S.M.S.)
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A. Khalina
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (S.A.R.); (F.A.S.); (S.M.S.)
| | - N. Abdullah
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H. A. Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (S.A.R.); (F.A.S.); (S.M.S.)
| | - S. Ayu Rafiqah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (S.A.R.); (F.A.S.); (S.M.S.)
| | - F. A. Sabaruddin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (S.A.R.); (F.A.S.); (S.M.S.)
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - S. H. Kamarudin
- School of Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. N. F. Norrrahim
- Research Center for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (H.A.A.); (S.A.R.); (F.A.S.); (S.M.S.)
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