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Mokrane N, Kaci M, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Dehouche N. Combined Effect of Poly(lactic acid)-Grafted Maleic Anhydride Compatibilizer and Halloysite Nanotubes on Morphology and Properties of Polylactide/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Blends. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6438. [PMID: 37834577 PMCID: PMC10573863 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the global challenge of plastic pollution, the development of new bioplastics to replace conventional polymers has become a priority. It is therefore essential to achieve a balance in the performances of biopolymers in order to improve their commercial availability. In this topic, this study aims to investigate the morphology and properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/ poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) (at a ratio of 75/25 (w/w)) blends reinforced with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and compatibilized with poly(lactic acid)-grafted maleic anhydride (PLA-g-MA). HNTs and PLA-g-MA were added to the polymer blend at 5 and 10 wt.%, respectively, and everything was processed via melt compounding. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that HNTs are preferentially localized in PHBHHx nodules rather than in the PLA matrix due to its higher wettability. When HNTs are combined with PLA-g-MA, a finer and a more homogeneous morphology is observed, resulting in a reduction in the size of PHBHHx nodules. The presence of HNTs in the polymer blend improves the impact strength from 12.7 to 20.9 kJ/mm2. Further, with the addition of PLA-g-MA to PLA/PHBHHX/HNT nanocomposites, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength all improve significantly, rising from roughly 42 MPa, 14.5%, and 20.9 kJ/mm2 to nearly 46 MPa, 18.2%, and 31.2 kJ/mm2, respectively. This is consistent with the data obtained via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The thermal stability of the compatibilized blend reinforced with HNTs is also improved compared to the non-compatibilized one. Overall, this study highlights the effectiveness of combining HNTs and PLA-g-AM for the properties enhancement of PLA/PHBHHx blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawel Mokrane
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Béjaïa 06000, Algeria; (N.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.)
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France
| | - Mustapha Kaci
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Béjaïa 06000, Algeria; (N.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.)
| | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France
| | - Nadjet Dehouche
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères Avancés, Faculté de Technologie, Université de Bejaia, Béjaïa 06000, Algeria; (N.M.); (M.K.); (N.D.)
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Wang Y, Liu B, Chen R, Wang Y, Han Z, Wang C, Weng L. Synergistic Effect of Nano-Silica and Intumescent Flame Retardant on the Fire Reaction Properties of Polypropylene Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4759. [PMID: 37445072 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (nano-silica) were used as synergistic agents with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) to enhance flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP) in this research. The composites were prepared using a melt-mixing method. The influences of nano-silica on the fire performance of composites were thoroughly discussed, which promotes understanding of nano-silica on the flame-retardant performance of polypropylene composite. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results indicated that the nano-silica with a diameter of about 95 ± 3.9 nm were dispersed favorably in the composite matrix, which might elevate its synergistic effect with intumescent flame retardant and improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene composite. The synergistic effects between nano-silica and intumescent flame retardant on PP composites were studied using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, and cone calorimeter test (CCT). The total amount of flame retardant was maintained at 30%. When the dosage of nano-silica was 1 wt.%, the LOI value of PP/IFR/Si1.0 composite reached 27.3% and its UL-94 classification reached V-1. Based on the parameters of the CCT, the introduction of nano-silica induced composites with depressed heat release rate (HRR) and peak heat release rate (PHRR). The PHRR of PP/IFR/Si0.5 was only 295.8 kW/m2, which was 17% lower than that of PP/IFR. Moreover, the time to PHRR of PP/IFR/Si0.5 was delayed to 396 s, which was about 36 s later than that without nano-silica. EDS was used to quantitatively analyze the distribution of silica in charred residue. The EDS results indicated that the silica tended to accumulate on the surface during the fire. The surface accumulation characteristic of silica endows it with the enhanced flame-retardant properties of polypropylene composite at a very small dosage (as low as 1 wt.%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Baoqiang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruiyang Chen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhidong Han
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ling Weng
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
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Martins RC, Ribeiro SPDS, Rezende MJC, Nascimento RSV, Nascimento MAC, Batistella M, Lopez-Cuesta JM. Flame-Retarding Properties of Injected and 3D-Printed Intumescent Bio-Based PLA Composites: The Influence of Brønsted and Lewis Acidity of Montmorillonite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091702. [PMID: 35566871 PMCID: PMC9105856 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of processing intumescent bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites by injection and fused filament fabrication (FFF) was evaluated. A raw (ANa) and two acidic-activated (AH2 and AH5) montmorillonites were added to the intumescent formulation, composed by lignin and ammonium polyphosphate, in order to evaluate the influence of the strength and the nature (Brønsted or Lewis) of their acidic sites on the fire behavior of the composites. The thermal stability and the volatile thermal degradation products of the composites were assessed. The injected and 3D-printed composites were submitted to cone calorimeter (CC), limit oxygen index (LOI), and UL-94 flammability tests. A similar tendency was observed for the injected and 3D-printed samples. The high density of strong Lewis sites in AH2 showed to be detrimental to the fire-retarding properties. For the CC test, the addition of the intumescent composite reduced the peak of heat released (pHRR) in approximately 49% when compared to neat PLA, while the composites containing ANa and AH5 presented a reduction of at least 54%. However, the addition of AH2 caused a pHRR reduction of around 47%, close to the one of the composite without clay (49%). In the LOI tests, the composites containing ANa and AH5 achieved the best results: 39% and 35%, respectively, for the injected samples, and 35 and 38% for the 3D-printed samples. For the composite containing AH2 the LOI values were 34% and 32% for injected and 3D-printed samples, respectively. Overall, the best performance in the flammability tests was achieved by the composites containing clays with only weak and moderate strength acidic sites (ANa and AH5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Carvalho Martins
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone Pereira da Silva Ribeiro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Michelle Jakeline Cunha Rezende
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Regina Sandra Veiga Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, CT, Bloco A, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (S.P.S.R.); (M.J.C.R.); (R.S.V.N.); (M.A.C.N.)
| | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, Avenue de Clavières, 30319 Alès, France; (M.B.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
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Martins RC, Ribeiro SPDS, Nascimento RSV, Nascimento MAC, Batistella M, Lopez‐Cuesta J. The influence of montmorillonite on the flame‐retarding properties of intumescent bio‐based
PLA
composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raíssa Carvalho Martins
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH) IMT Mines Ales Ales Cedex France
| | | | | | | | - Marcos Batistella
- Polymères Composites et Hybrides (PCH) IMT Mines Ales Ales Cedex France
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Thermoplastic Intumescent Coatings Modified with Pentaerythritol-Occluded Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216284. [PMID: 34771808 PMCID: PMC8584990 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A thermoplastic intumescent coating system (IC) based on poly(vinyl acetate) was modified by two forms of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), i.e., by a nanofiller powder and its solid dispersions in pentaerythritol (PER-CNTs). It was revealed that only the PER-CNTs modifier allows us to obtain solvent-borne ICs with a relatively high CNTs concentration (1–3 wt. parts of CNTs/100 wt. parts of paint solids) and acceptable application viscosity. Thermal insulation time (TIT) and intumescent factor (IF) of the ICs on a steel substrate (a fire test according to a cellulosic fire curve), as well as morphology, chemical structure (by the FT-IR technique) and mechanical strength of the charred systems, were investigated. It was found that the CNTs powder decreases TIT and IF values while PER-occluded CNTs improve these parameters (e.g., +4.6 min and +102% vs. an unmodified sample, respectively). Compressive strength of the charred ICs was improved by the PER-CNTs modifier as well.
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