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Zhu J, Sun H, Yang B, Weng Y. Modified Biomass-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:336. [PMID: 38255504 PMCID: PMC10817700 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA), as a renewable and biodegradable green polymer material, is hailed as one of the most promising biopolymers capable of replacing petroleum-derived polymers for industrial applications. Nevertheless, its limited toughness, thermal stability, and barrier properties have restricted its extensive application. To address these drawbacks in PLA, research efforts have primarily focused on enhancing its properties through copolymerization, blending, and plasticization. Notably, the blending of modified biomass with PLA is expected not only to effectively improve its deficiencies but also to maintain its biodegradability, creating a fully green composite with substantial developmental prospects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of modified biomass-reinforced PLA, with an emphasis on the improvements in PLA's mechanical properties, thermal stability, and barrier properties achieved through modified cellulose, lignin, and starch. At the end of the article, a brief exploration of plasma modification of biomass is presented and provides a promising outlook for the application of reinforced PLA composite materials in the future. This review provides valuable insights regarding the path towards enhancing PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhu
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Biao Yang
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (J.Z.); (B.Y.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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2
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Chiper AS, Borcia G. Stable Surface Modification by Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma: Comparative Study on Cellulose-Based and Synthetic Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4172. [PMID: 37896416 PMCID: PMC10611390 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study's aim is a comparison of the plasma-induced effects on polymers exposed in helium and argon gaseous environments in a pulsed dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure. Cellulose-based and synthetic polymers are tested with regard to a range of parameters, such as wettability, adhesion, surface energy and polarity, the oxygen amount in their structure, and surface morphology. The surface properties are analyzed by contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy images. The results point to the efficient and remarkably stable modifications of the plasma-exposed surfaces, such as their enhanced adhesion, surface energy, and oxygen incorporation. Additionally, plasma provides significant oxygen uptake in cellulose-based materials that bear already prior to treatment a high amount of oxygen in their structure. The comparison between the properties of the non-permeable, homogeneous, smooth-surface synthetic polymer and those of the loosely packed, porous, heterogeneous cellulose-based polymers points to the different rates of plasma-induced modification, whereby a progressive alteration of cellulosic surface properties over much larger ranges of exposure durations is noted. Present experimental conditions ensure mild treatments on such sensitive material, such as paper, and this is without alterations of the surface morphology and the physical degradation of the material over a large range of treatment duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Silvia Chiper
- Iasi Plasma Advanced Research Center (IPARC), Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Blvd. Carol I No. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriela Borcia
- Iasi Plasma Advanced Research Center (IPARC), Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Blvd. Carol I No. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
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Hassanisaadi M, Saberi Riseh R, Rabiei A, Varma RS, Kennedy JF. Nano/micro-cellulose-based materials as remarkable sorbents for the remediation of agricultural resources from chemical pollutants. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125763. [PMID: 37429338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Overusing pesticides, fertilizers, and synthetic dyes has significantly increased their presence in various parts of the environment. The transportation of these pollutants into agricultural soil and water through rivers, soils, and groundwater has seriously threatened human and ecosystem health. Applying techniques and materials to clean up agricultural sources from pesticides, heavy metals (HMs), and synthetic dyes (SDs) is one of the major challenges in this century. The sorption technique offers a viable solution to remediate these chemical pollutants (CHPs). Cellulose-based materials have become popular in nano and micro scales because they are widely available, safe to use, biodegradable, and have a significant ability to absorb substances. Nanoscale cellulose-based materials exhibit greater capacity in absorbing pollutants compared to their microscale counterparts because they possess a larger surface area. Many available hydroxyl groups (-OH) and chemical and physical modifications enable the incorporation of CHPs on to cellulose-based materials. Following this potential, this review aims to comprehensively summarize recent advancements in the field of nano- and micro-cellulose-based materials as effective adsorbents for CHPs, given the abundance of cellulosic waste materials from agricultural residues. The recent developments pertaining to the enhancement of the sorption capacity of cellulose-based materials against pesticides, HMs, and SDs, are deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Hassanisaadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Imam Khomeini Square, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran.
| | - Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Imam Khomeini Square, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran.
| | - Ali Rabiei
- Department of Civil Engineering, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation (CxI), Technical University of Liberec (TUL), Studentská 1402/2, Liberec 1 461 17, Czech Republic
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom
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da Costa Borges MA, Sorigotti AR, Paschoalin RT, Júnior JAP, da Silva LHD, Dias DS, Ribeiro CA, de Araújo ES, Resende FA, da Silva Barud H. Self-Supported Biopolymeric Films Based on Onion Bulb ( Allium cepa L.): Gamma-Radiation Effects in Sterilizing Doses. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040914. [PMID: 36850198 PMCID: PMC9959648 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterilization is a fundamental step to eliminate microorganisms prior to the application of products, especially in the food and medical industries. γ-irradiation is one of the most recommended and effective methods used for sterilization, but its effect on the properties and performance of bio-based polymers is negligible. This work is aimed at evaluating the influence of γ-radiation at doses of 5, 10, 15, 25, 30, and 40 kGy on the morphology, properties, and performance of bioplastic produced from onion bulb (Allium cepa L.), using two hydrothermal synthesis procedures. These procedures differ in whether the product is washed or not after bioplastic synthesis, and are referred to as the unwashed hydrothermally treated pulp (HTP) and washed hydrothermally treated pulp (W-HTP). The morphological analysis indicated that the film surfaces became progressively rougher and more irregular for doses above 25 kGy, which increases their hydrophobicity, especially for the W-HTP samples. In addition, the FTIR and XRD results indicated that irradiation changed the structural and chemical groups of the samples. There was an increase in the crystallinity index and a predominance of the interaction of radiation with the hydroxyl groups-more susceptible to the oxidative effect-besides the cleavage of chemical bonds depending on the γ-radiation dose. The presence of soluble carbohydrates influenced the mechanical behavior of the samples, in which HTP is more ductile than W-HTP, but γ-radiation did not cause a change in mechanical properties proportionally to the dose. For W-HTP, films there was no mutagenicity or cytotoxicity-even after γ-irradiation at higher doses. In conclusion, the properties of onion-based films varied significantly with the γ-radiation dose. The films were also affected differently by radiation, depending on their chemical composition and the change induced by washing, which influences their use in food packaging or biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio da Costa Borges
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Biomaterials (BIOPOLMAT), University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-340, Brazil
| | - Amanda Rinaldi Sorigotti
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGCEM), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR), São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Takehara Paschoalin
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Biomaterials (BIOPOLMAT), University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-340, Brazil
| | - José Alberto Paris Júnior
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Biomaterials (BIOPOLMAT), University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-340, Brazil
| | - Lucas Henrique Domingos da Silva
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Biomaterials (BIOPOLMAT), University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-340, Brazil
| | | | - Clóvis Augusto Ribeiro
- Chemistry Institute (IQ), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Elmo Silvano de Araújo
- Department of Nuclear Energy (DEN), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Flávia Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Biomaterials (BIOPOLMAT), University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-340, Brazil
| | - Hernane da Silva Barud
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Biomaterials (BIOPOLMAT), University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-340, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Serdiuk V, Shevchuk O, Tetiana K, Bukartyk N, Tokarev V. Synthesis of reactive copolymers with peroxide functionality for cross‐linking water‐soluble polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleh Shevchuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies Lviv Polytechnic National University Lviv Ukraine
| | - Kovalenko Tetiana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies Lviv Polytechnic National University Lviv Ukraine
- Department of Heat Engineering and Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants Institute of Power Engineering and Control Systems, Lviv Polytechnic National University Lviv Ukraine
| | - Natalya Bukartyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies Lviv Polytechnic National University Lviv Ukraine
| | - Viktor Tokarev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies Lviv Polytechnic National University Lviv Ukraine
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Masek A, Kosmalska A. Technological limitations in obtaining and using cellulose biocomposites. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:912052. [PMID: 36061440 PMCID: PMC9429818 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.912052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many possible types of polymer composite materials, the most important are nanocomposites and biocomposites, which have received tremendous attention in recent years due to their unique properties. The fundamental benefits of using biocomposites as alternative materials to “petroleum-based” products are certainly shaping current development trends and setting directions for future research and applications of polymer composites. A dynamic growth of the production and sale of biocomposites is observed in the global market, which results not only from the growing interest and demand for this type of materials, but also due to the fact that for the developed and modified, thus improved materials, the area of their application is constantly expanding. Already today, polymer composites with plant raw materials are used in various sectors of the economy. In particular, this concerns the automotive and construction industries, as well as widely understood packaging. Bacterial cellulose, for example, also known as bionanocellulose, as a natural polymer with specific and unique properties, has been used extensively,primarily in numerous medical applications. Intensive research is also being carried out into composites with natural fibres composed mainly of organic compounds such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. However, three aspects seem to be associated with the popularisation of biopolymers: performance, processing and cost. This article provides a brief overview of the topic under discussion. What can be the technological limitations considering the methods of obtaining polymer composites with the use of plant filler and the influence on their properties? What properties of cellulose constitute an important issue from the point of view of its applicability in polymers, in the context of compatibility with the polymer matrix and processability? What can be the ways of changing these properties through modifications, which may be crucial from the point of view of the development directions of biopolymers and bioplastics, whose further new applications will be related, among others, to the enhancement of properties? There still seems to be considerable potential to improve the cellulose material composites being produced, as well as to improve the efficiency of their manufacturing. Nevertheless, the material still needs to be well optimized before it can replace conventional materials at the industrial level in the near future. Typically, various studies discuss their comparison in terms of production, properties and highly demanding applications of plant or bacterial nanocellulose. Usually, aspects of each are described separately in the literature. In the present review, several important data are gathered in one place, providing a basis for comparing the types of cellulose described. On the one hand, this comparison aims to demonstrate the advantage of bacterial cellulose over plant cellulose, due to environmental protection and its unique properties. On the other hand, it aims to prepare a more comprehensive point of view that can objectively help in deciding which cellulosic raw material may be more suitable for a particular purpose, bacterial cellulose or plant cellulose.
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Chen Y, Wu X, Li M, Qian L, Zhou H. Mechanically Robust and Flame-Retardant Polylactide Composites Based on In Situ Formation of Crosslinked Network Structure by DCP and TAIC. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:308. [PMID: 35054714 PMCID: PMC8782028 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition of intumescent flame retardant to PLA can greatly improve the flame retardancy of the material and inhibit the dripping, but the major drawback is the adverse impact of the mechanical properties of the material. In this study, we found that the flame retardant and mechanical properties of the materials can be improved simultaneously by constructing a cross-linked structure. Firstly, a cross-linking flame-retardant PLA structure was designed by adding 0.9 wt% DCP and 0.3 wt% TAIC. After that, different characterization methods including torque, melt flow rate, molecular weight and gel content were used to clarify the formation of crosslinking structures. Results showed that the torque of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA increased by 307% and the melt flow rate decreased by 77.8%. The gel content of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA was 30.8%, indicating the formation of cross-linked structures. Then, the mechanical properties and flame retardant performance were studied. Results showed that, compared with FRPLA, the tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength of 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA increased by 34.8%, 82.6% and 42.9%, respectively. The flame retardancy test results showed that 0.9DCP/0.3TAIC/FRPLA had a very high LOI (the limiting oxygen index) value of 39.2% and passed the UL94 V-0 level without dripping. Finally, the crosslinking reaction mechanism, flame retardant mechanism and the reasons for the improvement of mechanical properties were studied and described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
- China Light Industry Advanced Flame Retardant Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.Z.)
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