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Upadhyay A, Pal D, Kumar A. Combinatorial therapeutic enzymes to combat multidrug resistance in bacteria. Life Sci 2024; 353:122920. [PMID: 39047898 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Antibiotic resistance including multidrug resistance (MDR) is a negative symbol to the human health system because it loses the capability to treat infections. Unfortunately, the available antibiotics do not show an effective therapeutic response against bacterial infections. In the situation of global antibiotic unresponsiveness, enzymatic therapy especially in combinatorial form seems an effective approach to control bacterial infection and combat resistance. The article is important because it focuses on combinatorial enzymatic therapy that has multiple properties (effective antibacterial performances, antibiofilm capacity, immunomodulators, targeted actions, synergistic actions, multiple targeting, and resistance-proof properties) and can address antibiotic resistance effectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the related topics with Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases and finally 73 relevant papers were reviewed in detail and cited in this article. KEY FINDINGS Discusses properties of combinatorial therapeutic enzymes made it an accomplished means over antibiotic therapy. This article discusses the need for combinatorial enzymatic therapy against bacterial infection, its distinguished features, and properties with multi-mechanistic antibacterial action. It discussed the European Medicine Agency and Food and Drug Administration-approved therapeutic enzymes (antibacterial and antibiofilm). SIGNIFICANCE This article provided the possible combination of the enzyme that may be used as an antibacterial agent along with limitations and future scope of combinatorial antibacterial enzymatic agents. This article could draw the attention of researchers to combinatorial therapeutic enzymatic molecules as effective and futuristic therapy to overcome the problem of multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, CG, India
| | - Dharm Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, CG, India.
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, CG, India.
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Li Y, Liang X, Chen N, Yuan X, Wang J, Wu Q, Ding Y. The promotion of biofilm dispersion: a new strategy for eliminating foodborne pathogens in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-25. [PMID: 39054781 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2354524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Food safety is a critical global concern due to its direct impact on human health and overall well-being. In the food processing environment, biofilm formation by foodborne pathogens poses a significant problem as it leads to persistent and high levels of food contamination, thereby compromising the quality and safety of food. Therefore, it is imperative to effectively remove biofilms from the food processing environment to ensure food safety. Unfortunately, conventional cleaning methods fall short of adequately removing biofilms, and they may even contribute to further contamination of both equipment and food. It is necessary to develop alternative approaches that can address this challenge in food industry. One promising strategy in tackling biofilm-related issues is biofilm dispersion, which represents the final step in biofilm development. Here, we discuss the biofilm dispersion mechanism of foodborne pathogens and elucidate how biofilm dispersion can be employed to control and mitigate biofilm-related problems. By shedding light on these aspects, we aim to provide valuable insights and solutions for effectively addressing biofilm contamination issues in food industry, thus enhancing food safety and ensuring the well-being of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinmin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Satheesh S, Al Solami L. Antifouling activities of proteinase K and α-amylase enzymes: Laboratory bioassays and in silico analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31683. [PMID: 38828329 PMCID: PMC11140711 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of enzymes as antifoulants is one of the environment-friendly strategies in biofouling management. In this study, antifouling activities of commercially available proteinase K and α-amylase enzymes were evaluated using barnacle larva and biofilm-forming bacteria as test organisms. The enzymes were also tested against barnacle cement protein through in silico analysis. The results showed that both enzymes inhibited the attachment of bacteria and settlement of barnacle larvae on the test surface. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.312 mg ml-1 was exhibited by proteinase K against biofilm-forming bacteria. The calculated LC50 values for proteinase K and α-amylase against the barnacle nauplii were 91.8 and 230.96 mg ml-1 respectively. While α-amylase showed higher antibiofilm activity, proteinase K exhibited higher anti-larval settlement activity. Similarly, in silico analysis of the enzymes revealed promising anti-settlement activity, as the enzymes showed good binding scores with barnacle cement protein. Overall, the results suggested that the enzymes proteinase K and α-amylase could be used in antifouling coatings to reduce the settlement of biofouling on artificial materials in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathianeson Satheesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lafi Al Solami
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Noori R, Bano N, Ahmad S, Mirza K, Mazumder JA, Perwez M, Raza K, Manzoor N, Sardar M. Microbial Biofilm Inhibition Using Magnetic Cross-Linked Polyphenol Oxidase Aggregates. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3164-3178. [PMID: 38722774 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Microbial biofilm accumulation poses a serious threat to the environment, presents significant challenges to different industries, and exhibits a large impact on public health. Since there has not been a conclusive answer found despite various efforts, the potential green and economical methods are being focused on, particularly the innovative approaches that employ biochemical agents. In the present study, we propose a bio-nanotechnological method using magnetic cross-linked polyphenol oxidase aggregates (PPO m-CLEA) for inhibition of microbial biofilm including multidrug resistant bacteria. Free PPO solution showed only 55-60% biofilm inhibition, whereas m-CLEA showed 70-75% inhibition, as confirmed through microscopic techniques. The carbohydrate and protein contents in biofilm extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) were reduced significantly. The m-CLEA demonstrated reusability up to 5 cycles with consistent efficiency in biofilm inhibition. Computational work was also done where molecular docking of PPO with microbial proteins associated with biofilm formation was conducted, resulting in favorable binding scores and inter-residual interactions. Overall, both in vitro and in silico results suggest that PPO interferes with microbial cell attachment and EPS formation, thereby preventing biofilm colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubia Noori
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Nagmi Bano
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shaban Ahmad
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Kainat Mirza
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | | | - Mohammad Perwez
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Khalid Raza
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Nikhat Manzoor
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Meryam Sardar
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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Jothi Nayaki S, Roja A, Ravindhiran R, Sivarajan K, Arunachalam M, Dhandapani K. Pillar[ n]arenes in the Fight against Biofilms: Current Developments and Future Perspectives. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1080-1096. [PMID: 38546344 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The global surge in bacterial infections, compounded by the alarming escalation of drug-resistant strains, has evolved into a critical public health crisis. Among the challenges posed, biofilms stand out due to their formidable resistance to conventional antibiotics. This review delves into the burgeoning potential of pillar[n]arenes, distinctive macrocyclic host molecules, as promising anti-biofilm agents. The review is structured into two main sections, each dedicated to exploring distinct facets of pillar[n]arene applications. The first section scrutinizes functionalized pillar[n]arenes with a particular emphasis on cationic derivatives. This analysis reveals their significant efficacy in inhibiting biofilm formation, underscoring the pivotal role of specific chemical attributes in combating microbial communities. The second section of the review shifts its focus to inclusion complexes, elucidating how pillar[n]arenes serve as encapsulation platforms for antibiotics. This encapsulation enhances the stability of antibiotics and enables a controlled release, thereby amplifying their antibacterial activity. The examination of inclusion complexes provides valuable insights into the potential synergy between pillar[n]arenes and traditional antibiotics, offering a novel avenue for overcoming biofilm resistance. This comprehensive review highlights the escalating global threat of bacterial infections and the urgent need for innovative strategies to counteract drug-resistant biofilms. The unique properties of pillar[n]arenes, both as functionalized molecules and as inclusion complex hosts, position them as promising candidates in the quest for effective anti-biofilm agents. The exploration of their distinct mechanisms opens new avenues for research and development in the ongoing battle against bacterial infections and biofilm-related health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekar Jothi Nayaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 043, India
| | - Arivazhagan Roja
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Dindigul, Tamil Nadu 624 302, India
| | - Ramya Ravindhiran
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 043, India
| | - Karthiga Sivarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 043, India
| | - Murugan Arunachalam
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Dindigul, Tamil Nadu 624 302, India
| | - Kavitha Dhandapani
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 043, India
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Ellis JR, Rowley PA. An apparent lack of synergy between degradative enzymes against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001119. [PMID: 38596361 PMCID: PMC11002645 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes combat bacterial infections by degrading biomolecules to disperse Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Commercial enzyme mixtures, like cellulase and pepsin, show concentration-dependent dispersion, but low concentrations lack synergy. Only the sequential addition of pepsin followed by Arthrobacter luteus zymolyase 20T displays synergy, effectively dispersing biofilms. Purified zymolyase 100T outperforms zymolyase 20T but lacks synergy with pepsin. This study underscores the complexity of enzymatic biofilm dispersal, highlighting the need for tailored approaches based on enzyme properties and biofilm composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Ellis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Paul A. Rowley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States
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Anantharajah A, Goormaghtigh F, Nguvuyla Mantu E, Güler B, Bearzatto B, Momal A, Werion A, Hantson P, Kabamba-Mukadi B, Van Bambeke F, Rodriguez-Villalobos H, Verroken A. Long-term intensive care unit outbreak of carbapenemase-producing organisms associated with contaminated sink drains. J Hosp Infect 2024; 143:38-47. [PMID: 38295006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Between 2018 and 2022, a Belgian tertiary care hospital faced a growing issue with acquiring carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPO), mainly VIM-producing P. aeruginosa (PA-VIM) and NDM-producing Enterobacterales (CPE-NDM) among hospitalized patients in the adult intensive care unit (ICU). AIM To investigate this ICU long-term CPO outbreak involving multiple species and a persistent environmental reservoir. METHODS Active case finding, environmental sampling, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of patient and environmental strains, and implemented control strategies were described in this study. FINDINGS From 2018 to 2022, 37 patients became colonized or infected with PA-VIM and/or CPE-NDM during their ICU stay. WGS confirmed the epidemiological link between clinical and environmental strains collected from the sink drains with clonal strain dissemination and horizontal gene transfer mediated by plasmid conjugation and/or transposon jumps. Environmental disinfection by quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant and replacement of contaminated equipment failed to eradicate environmental sources. Interestingly, efflux pump genes conferring resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds were widespread in the isolates. As removing sinks was not feasible, a combination of a foaming product degrading the biofilm and foaming disinfectant based on peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide has been evaluated and has so far prevented recolonization of the proximal sink drain by CPO. CONCLUSION The persistence in the hospital environment of antibiotic- and disinfectant-resistant bacteria with the ability to transfer mobile genetic elements poses a serious threat to ICU patients with a risk of shifting towards an endemicity scenario. Innovative strategies are needed to address persistent environmental reservoirs and prevent CPO transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anantharajah
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Medical Microbiology Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - F Goormaghtigh
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Nguvuyla Mantu
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Güler
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Bearzatto
- Center for Applied Molecular Technologies, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Momal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Werion
- Department of Intensive Care, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Hantson
- Department of Intensive Care, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Kabamba-Mukadi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Medical Microbiology Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Rodriguez-Villalobos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Medical Microbiology Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Verroken
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Medical Microbiology Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Prevention and Control Infection, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Aksoy N, Vatansever C, Adalı C, Adaklı Aksoy B, Fışgın T. The Inhibitory Effects of Amylase and Streptokinase on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antibiotics Used to Treat Gram Negative Bacteria Biofilm Infection on Indwelling Devices. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:533-540. [PMID: 38031607 PMCID: PMC10682295 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated and compared the effect of adding streptokinase and amylase to antibiotics that are already used in clinical practice to treat Gram negative bacteria biofilm infection on indwelling devices on the antibiotics' minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). 24 h-old biofilms were developed on 96-well plate with eight clinical isolates. MIC of amikacin, cefepime, ceftazidime, colistin, meropenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam, on biofilms were measured before and after the addition of 25 U/ml streptokinase and 25 μg/ml amylase with microplate reader. The addition of streptokinase reduces the MICs of cefepime, ceftazidime, colistin, meropenem from (16, 16, 8, 4 μg/ml) to (8, 1, 1, 0.5 μg/ml) in Escherichia coli (isolate 1). While the addition of amylase reduces the MICs of only cefepime, ceftazidime from (16, 16 μg/ml) to (2, 4 μg/ml) in E. coli (isolate 1). In Pseudomonas aeruginosa (isolate 4), the MICs of amikacin, cefepime, ceftazidime, colistin and meropenem (64, 16, 32, 4, 32 μg/ml) reduced to (2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.5 μg/ml) with streptokinase and (4, 4, 4, 2, 0.5 μg/ml) with amylase respectively. Similar inhibitions were seen in Pseudomonas putida, Proteus mirabilis. We can conclude that the addition of streptokinase and amylase were effective in reducing the MICs of antibiotics that are commonly used to treat Gram negative bacteria biofilm infection on indwelling devices, thereby increasing susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. Streptokinase obviously had a greater effect than amylase, implying that it should be prioritized in future in vivo and clinical studies to obtain successful therapy with antibiotics on biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Aksoy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Altınbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cansu Vatansever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Altınbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceren Adalı
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Başak Adaklı Aksoy
- Medical Park Bahçelievler Hospital Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Altınbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tunç Fışgın
- Medical Park Bahçelievler Hospital Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Altınbaş University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ellis JR, Rowley PA. An apparent lack of synergy between degradative enzymes against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.05.561034. [PMID: 37873330 PMCID: PMC10592981 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.05.561034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of enzymes represents an approach to combat bacterial infections by degrading extracellular biomolecules to disperse Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Commercial enzyme preparations, including cellulase, amylase, pectinase, zymolyase, and pepsin, exhibit concentration-dependent dispersion of S. aureus biofilms. Here, we report that low concentrations of these enzymes generally lack synergy when combined or added together sequentially to biofilms. Only the addition of a protease (pepsin) followed by a commercial mixture of degradative enzymes from Arthrobacter luteus (zymolyase 20T), demonstrated synergy and was effective at dispersing S. aureus biofilms. A more purified mixture of Arthrobacter luteus enzymes (zymolyase 100T) showed improved dispersal of S. aureus biofilms compared to zymolyase 20T but lacked synergy with pepsin. This study emphasizes the complexity of enzymatic biofilm dispersal and the need for tailored approaches based on the properties of degradative enzymes and biofilm composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Ellis
- University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul A Rowley
- University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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Ramya RK, Theraka K, Ramprasadh SV, Bharathi SV, Srinivasan S, Jacob S, Kuila A. Pragmatic Treatment Strategies for Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Remediation and Anti-biofouling from Surfaces Using Nano-enzymes: a Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5479-5496. [PMID: 35138553 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In this review, two important environmental pollutants have been considered for its potential remediation using microbial-derived nano-enzymes. Firstly, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major industrial contaminants in the environment due to their ubiquitous occurrence, toxicity, and proclivity for bioaccumulation. Secondly, biofouling due to biofilm-forming organisms that impact tremendous economic and environmental consequences in many industries, especially marine vessels where it causes an increase in hydrodynamic drag, which results in a loss of ship speed at constant power or a power increase to maintain the same speed with higher fuel consumption and emissions into the atmosphere, particularly Green House Gases (GHGs). Among the remediation strategies, biological routes are found to be promising, efficient, and sustainable. Natural ligninolytic enzymes such as MnP, LiP, laccase, peroxidases, and polysaccharide and protein degradative enzymes are found to be highly efficient for PAH degradation and antifouling respectively. However, large-scale usage of these enzymes is difficult due to various reasons like their poor stability, adaptation, and high-cost production of these enzymes. In recent years, the use of nanoparticles, particularly nano-enzymes, is found to be an innovative and synergistic approach to detoxify contaminated areas with concomitant maintenance of enzyme stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Khanna Ramya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu Dist, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Theraka
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu Dist, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swaminathan Viji Ramprasadh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu Dist, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaramoorthy Vijaya Bharathi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu Dist, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu Dist, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samuel Jacob
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu Dist, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Arindam Kuila
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India.
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11
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Pant KJ, Cotter PD, Wilkinson MG, Sheehan JJ. Towards sustainable Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) in dairy processing: Exploring enzyme-based approaches to cleaning in the Cheese industry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3602-3619. [PMID: 37458296 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Cleaning-in-place (CIP) is the most commonly used cleaning and sanitation system for processing lines, equipment, and storage facilities such as milk silos in the global dairy processing industry. CIP employs thermal treatments and nonbiodegradable chemicals (acids and alkalis), requiring appropriate neutralization before disposal, resulting in sustainability challenges. In addition, biofilms are a major source of contamination and spoilage in dairy industries, and it is believed that current chemical CIP protocols do not entirely destroy biofilms. Use of enzymes as effective agents for CIP and as a more sustainable alternative to chemicals and thermal treatments is gaining interest. Enzymes offer several advantages when used for CIP, such as reduced water usage (less rinsing), lower operating temperatures resulting in energy savings, shorter cleaning times, and lower costs for wastewater treatment. Additionally, they are typically derived from natural sources, are easy to neutralize, and do not produce hazardous waste products. However, even with such advantages, enzymes for CIP within the dairy processing industry remain focused mainly on membrane cleaning. Greater adoption of enzyme-based CIP for cheese industries is projected pending a greater knowledge relating to cost, control of the process (inactivation kinetics), reusability of enzyme solutions, and the potential for residual activity, including possible effects on the subsequent product batches. Such studies are essential for the cheese industry to move toward more energy-efficient and sustainable cleaning solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan J Pant
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Martin G Wilkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jeremiah J Sheehan
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
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Gowen R, Gamal A, Di Martino L, McCormick TS, Ghannoum MA. Modulating the Microbiome for Crohn's Disease Treatment. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:828-840. [PMID: 36702360 PMCID: PMC10152883 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The central role of the gut microbiota in the regulation of health and disease has been convincingly demonstrated. Polymicrobial interkingdom interactions between bacterial (the bacteriome) and fungal (the mycobiome) communities of the gut have become a prominent focus for development of potential therapeutic approaches. In addition to polymicrobial interactions, the complex gut ecosystem also mediates interactions between the host and the microbiota. These interactions are complex and bidirectional; microbiota composition can be influenced by host immune response, disease-specific therapeutics, antimicrobial drugs, and overall ecosystems. However, the gut microbiota also influences host immune response to a drug or therapy by potentially transforming the drug's structure and altering bioavailability, activity, or toxicity. This is especially true in cases where the gut microbiota has produced a biofilm. The negative ramifications of biofilm formation include alteration of gut permeability, enhanced antimicrobial resistance, and alteration of host immune response effectiveness. Natural modulation of the gut microbiota, using probiotic and prebiotic approaches, may also be used to affect the host microbiome, a type of "natural" modulation of the host microbiota composition. In this review, we discuss potential bidirectional interactions between microbes and host, and we describe the changes in gut microbiota induced by probiotic and prebiotic approaches as well as their potential clinical consequences, including biofilm formation. We outline a systematic approach to designing probiotics capable of altering the host microbiota in disease states, using Crohn's disease as a model chronic disease. Understanding how the effective changes in the microbiome may enhance treatment efficacy may unlock the possibility of modulating the gut microbiome to improve treatment using a natural approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Gowen
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ahmed Gamal
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Luca Di Martino
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio
| | - Thomas S McCormick
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mahmoud A Ghannoum
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
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13
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Upadhyay A, Pal D, Kumar A. Combinatorial enzyme therapy: A promising neoteric approach for bacterial biofilm disruption. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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14
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Efremenko E, Stepanov N, Aslanli A, Lyagin I, Senko O, Maslova O. Combination of Enzymes with Materials to Give Them Antimicrobial Features: Modern Trends and Perspectives. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020064. [PMID: 36826863 PMCID: PMC9960987 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria form serious problems in many areas, including medicine and the food industry. At the same time, great interest is shown in the transfer or enhancement of antimicrobial properties to various materials by modifying them with enzymes. The use of enzymes in biomaterials with antimicrobial properties is important because enzymes can be used as the main active components providing antimicrobial properties of functionalized composite biomaterials, or can serve as enhancers of the antimicrobial action of certain substances (antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, metal nanoparticles, etc.) against cells of various microorganisms. Enzymes can simultaneously widen the spectrum of antimicrobial activity of biomaterials. This review presents the most promising enzymes recently used for the production of antibacterial materials, namely hydrolases and oxidoreductases. Computer modeling plays an important role in finding the most effective combinations between enzymes and antimicrobial compounds, revealing their possible interactions. The range of materials that can be functionalized using enzymes looks diverse. The physicochemical characteristics and functionalization methods of the materials have a significant impact on the activity of enzymes. In this context, fibrous materials are of particular interest. The purpose of this review is to analyze the current state of the art in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin str. 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)-939-3170; Fax: +7-(495)-939-5417
| | - Nikolay Stepanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin str. 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aysel Aslanli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Lyagin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin str. 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Senko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin str. 4, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Maslova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Ellis JR, Bull JJ, Rowley PA. Fungal Glycoside Hydrolases Display Unique Specificities for Polysaccharides and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020293. [PMID: 36838258 PMCID: PMC9964650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercially available cellulases and amylases can disperse the pathogenic bacteria embedded in biofilms. This suggests that polysaccharide-degrading enzymes would be useful as antibacterial therapies to aid the treatment of biofilm-associated bacteria, e.g., in chronic wounds. Using a published enzyme library, we explored the capacity of 76 diverse recombinant glycoside hydrolases to disperse Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Four of the 76 recombinant glycoside hydrolases digested purified cellulose, amylose, or pectin. However, these enzymes did not disperse biofilms, indicating that anti-biofilm activity is not general to all glycoside hydrolases and that biofilm activity cannot be predicted from the activity on pure substrates. Only one of the 76 recombinant enzymes was detectably active in biofilm dispersion, an α-xylosidase from Aspergillus nidulans. An α-xylosidase cloned subsequently from Aspergillus thermomutatus likewise demonstrated antibiofilm activity, suggesting that α-xylosidases, in general, can disperse Staphylococcus biofilms. Surprisingly, neither of the two β-xylosidases in the library degraded biofilms. Commercial preparations of amylase and cellulase that are known to be effective in the dispersion of Staphylococcus biofilms were also analyzed. The commercial cellulase contained contaminating proteins with multiple enzymes exhibiting biofilm-dispersing activity. Successfully prospecting for additional antibiofilm enzymes may thus require large libraries and may benefit from purified enzymes. The complexity of biofilms and the diversity of glycoside hydrolases continue to make it difficult to predict or understand the enzymes that could have future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Ellis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James J. Bull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Paul A. Rowley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Radwan AA, Darwesh OM, Emam MT, Mohamed KA, Shady HMA. A combined treatment of Proteinase K and biosynthesized ZnO-NPs for eradication of dairy biofilm of sporeformers. AIMS Microbiol 2022; 8:507-527. [PMID: 36694584 PMCID: PMC9834087 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2022033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms of sporeformers found in the dairy industry are the major contaminants during processing, as they withstand heat and chemical treatment that are used to control microbes. The present work is aimed to remove these resistant forms of bacterial community (biofilm) present in dairy production lines using ecofriendly agents based on proteinase K (Prot-K) coupled with Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs). Some metal/metal oxide (Ag, CuO and ZnO) NPs were prepared microbially, and ZnO-NPs were characterized as the most effective ones among them. The produced ZnO-NPs were 15-25 nm in size with spherical shape, and FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of proteins and alkanes surrounding particles as capping agents. Application of Prot-K for eradication (removal) of a model biofilm of mixed sporeformers on food-grade stainless steel resulted in an 83% reduction in the absorbance of crystal violet-stained biofilm. When Prot-K was mixed with the biosynthesized NPs ZnO_G240, the reduction increased to 99.19%. This finding could contribute to an efficient cleaning approach combined with CIP to remove the recalcitrant biofilms in dairy production lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Radwan
- Genetics and Cytology Dept., National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Osama M. Darwesh
- Agricultural Microbiology Dept., National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, 12622, Egypt,* Correspondence: , ; Tel: +201155265558
| | - Maha T. Emam
- Genetics and Cytology Dept., National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Karima A. Mohamed
- Genetics and Cytology Dept., National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hala M. Abu Shady
- Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University Cairo, Egypt
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Mechmechani S, Gharsallaoui A, El Omari K, Fadel A, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Hurdle technology based on the use of microencapsulated pepsin, trypsin and carvacrol to eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:903-915. [PMID: 36451605 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2151361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The biofilm lifestyle plays a major role in the resistance and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. In this study, two microencapsulated proteases (pepsin ME-PEP and trypsin ME-TRYP) were evaluated for their biofilm dispersal activity and their synergistic effect with microencapsulated carvacrol (ME-CARV). Spray-drying was used to protect enzymes and essential oil and enhance their activities. Cell count analysis proved the synergistic activity of enzymes and carvacrol treatment as biofilms were further reduced after combined treatment in comparison to ME-CARV or enzymes alone. Furthermore, results showed that sequential treatment in the order ME-TRYP - ME-PEP - ME-CARV resulted in more efficient biofilm removal with a maximum reduction of 5 log CFU mL-1 for P. aeruginosa and 4 log CFU mL-1 for E. faecalis. This study proposes that the combination of microencapsulated proteases with ME-CARV could be useful for the effective control of P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Quality Control Center Laboratories at the Chamber of Commerce, Industry & Agriculture of Tripoli & North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Alexandre Fadel
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Université d'Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC -Institut Michel-Eugene Chevreul, Univ Lille, Lille, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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18
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Ramakrishnan R, Singh AK, Singh S, Chakravortty D, Das D. Enzymatic Dispersion of Biofilms: An Emerging Biocatalytic Avenue to Combat Biofilm-Mediated Microbial Infections. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102352. [PMID: 35940306 PMCID: PMC9478923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance by pathogenic microbes has emerged as a matter of great concern to mankind. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi employ multiple defense mechanisms against drugs and the host immune system. A major line of microbial defense is the biofilm, which comprises extracellular polymeric substances that are produced by the population of microorganisms. Around 80% of chronic bacterial infections are associated with biofilms. The presence of biofilms can increase the necessity of doses of certain antibiotics up to 1000-fold to combat infection. Thus, there is an urgent need for strategies to eradicate biofilms. Although a few physicochemical methods have been developed to prevent and treat biofilms, these methods have poor efficacy and biocompatibility. In this review, we discuss the existing strategies to combat biofilms and their challenges. Subsequently, we spotlight the potential of enzymes, in particular, polysaccharide degrading enzymes, for biofilm dispersion, which might lead to facile antimicrobial treatment of biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Ramakrishnan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Simran Singh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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A pH-Gated Functionalized Hollow Mesoporous Silica Delivery System for Photodynamic Sterilization in Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082815. [PMID: 35454508 PMCID: PMC9031160 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are increasing, particularly those embedded in microbial biofilm. These bacteria account for most microbial infections in humans. Traditional antibiotic treatment has low efficiency in sterilization of biofilm-associated pathogens, and thus the development of new approaches is highly desired. In this study, amino-modified hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (AHMSN) were synthesized and used as the carrier to load natural photosensitizer curcumin (Cur). Then glutaraldehyde (GA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were used to seal the porous structure of AHMSN by the Schiff base reaction, forming positively charged AHMSN@GA@PEI@Cur. The Cur delivery system can smoothly diffuse into the negatively charged biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Then Cur can be released to the biofilm after the pH-gated cleavage of the Schiff base bond in the slightly acidic environment of the biofilm. After the release of the photosensitizer, the biofilm was irradiated by the blue LED light at a wavelength of 450 nm and a power of 37.4 mV/cm2 for 5 min. Compared with the control group, the number of viable bacteria in the biofilm was reduced by 98.20%. Therefore, the constructed pH-gated photosensitizer delivery system can efficiently target biofilm-associated pathogens and be used for photodynamic sterilization, without the production of antibiotic resistance.
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20
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Soy S, Nigam VK, Sharma SR. Enhanced production and biochemical characterization of a thermostable amylase from thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus icigianus BITSNS038. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.2002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Snehi Soy
- Department of Bio-Engineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Nigam
- Department of Bio-Engineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shubha Rani Sharma
- Department of Bio-Engineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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