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Dai Z, Cai R, Zeng H, Zhu H, Dou Y, Sun S. Exosome may be the next generation of promising cell-free vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2345940. [PMID: 38714324 PMCID: PMC11086043 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2345940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional vaccines have limits against some persistent infections and pathogens. The development of novel vaccine technologies is particularly critical for the future. Exosomes play an important role in physiological and pathological processes. Exosomes present many advantages, such as inherent capacity being biocompatible, non-toxic, which make them a more desirable candidate for vaccines. However, research on exosomes are in their infancy and the barriers of low yield, low purity, and weak targeting of exosomes limit their applications in vaccines. Accordingly, further exploration is necessary to improve these problems and subsequently facilitate the functional studies of exosomes. In this study, we reviewed the origin, classification, functions, modifications, separation and purification, and characterization methods of exosomes. Meanwhile, we focused on the role and mechanism of exosomes for cancer and COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelan Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Department VII of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiru Cai
- Department VII of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Department VII of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailian Zhu
- Department VII of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youwei Dou
- Department VII of Biological Products, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shibo Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
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Xu YP, Jiang T, Yang XF, Chen ZB. Methods, Mechanisms, and Application Prospects for Enhancing Extracellular Vesicle Uptake. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:247-260. [PMID: 38622425 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-024-2861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered to be a new generation of bioinspired nanoscale drug delivery systems due to their low immunogenicity, natural functionality, and excellent biocompatibility. However, limitations such as low uptake efficiency, insufficient production, and inhomogeneous performance undermine their potential. To address these issues, numerous researchers have put forward various methods and applications for enhancing EV uptake in recent decades. In this review, we introduce various methods for the cellular uptake of EVs and summarize recent advances on the methods and mechanisms for enhancing EV uptake. In addition, we provide further understanding regarding enhancing EV uptake and put forward prospects and challenges for the development of EV-based therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Peng Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Zhen-Bing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Fayyazpour P, Fayyazpour A, Abbasi K, Vaez-Gharamaleki Y, Zangbar MSS, Raeisi M, Mehdizadeh A. The role of exosomes in cancer biology by shedding light on their lipid contents. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 250:154813. [PMID: 37769395 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular bilayer membrane nanovesicles released by cells after the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane. One of the interesting features of exosomes is their ability to carry and transfer various molecules, including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and therapeutic cargoes among cells. As intercellular signaling organelles, exosomes participate in various signaling processes such as tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cell physiology such as cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, these particles are considered good vehicles to shuttle vaccines and drugs for therapeutic applications regarding cancers and tumor cells. These bioactive vesicles are also rich in various lipid molecules such as cholesterol, sphingomyelin (SM), glycosphingolipids, and phosphatidylserine (PS). These lipids play an important role in the formation, release, and function of the exosomes and interestingly, some lipids are used as biomarkers in cancer diagnosis. This review aimed to focus on exosomes lipid content and their role in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Fayyazpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Fayyazpour
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Abbasi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yosra Vaez-Gharamaleki
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mortaza Raeisi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Sadeghi S, Tehrani FR, Tahmasebi S, Shafiee A, Hashemi SM. Exosome engineering in cell therapy and drug delivery. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:145-169. [PMID: 36609717 PMCID: PMC9823267 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-derived exosomes have opened new horizons in modern therapy for advanced drug delivery and therapeutic applications, due to their key features such as low immunogenicity, high physicochemical stability, capacity to penetrate into tissues, and the innate capacity to communicate with other cells over long distances. Exosome-based liquid biopsy has been potentially used for the diagnosis and prognosis of a range of disorders. Exosomes deliver therapeutic agents, including immunological modulators, therapeutic drugs, and antisense oligonucleotides to certain targets, and can be used as vaccines, though their clinical application is still far from reality. Producing exosomes on a large-scale is restricted to their low circulation lifetime, weak targeting capacity, and inappropriate controls, which need to be refined before being implemented in practice. Several bioengineering methods have been used for refining therapeutic applications of exosomes and promoting their effectiveness, on the one hand, and addressing the existing challenges, on the other. In the short run, new diagnostic platforms and emerging therapeutic strategies will further develop exosome engineering and therapeutic potential. This requires a thorough analysis of exosome engineering approaches along with their merits and drawbacks, as outlined in this paper. The present study is a comprehensive review of novel techniques for exosome development in terms of circulation time in the body, targeting capacity, and higher drug loading/delivery efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Sadeghi
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Safa Tahmasebi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Medical Nanotechnology and tissue engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Combined Therapy with Simvastatin- and Coenzyme-Q10-Loaded Nanoparticles Upregulates the Akt-eNOS Pathway in Experimental Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010276. [PMID: 36613727 PMCID: PMC9820291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect, statins have pleiotropic beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. However, long-term treatment with statins may be associated with serious side effects. With the aim to make statin therapy more effective, we studied the effects of simvastatin- and coenzyme-Q10-loaded polymeric nanoparticles on the lipid profile and nitric oxide (NO)/reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance in the heart and aorta of adult male obese Zucker rats. The rats were divided into an untreated group, a group treated with empty nanoparticles, and groups treated with simvastatin-, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)-, or a combination of simvastatin- and CoQ10-loaded nanoparticles (SIMV+CoQ10). After 6 weeks, the lipid profile in the plasma and the concentration of conjugated dienes in the liver were determined. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, Akt, endothelial NOS (eNOS), phosphorylated eNOS (p-eNOS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) protein expressions were measured in the heart and aorta. All simvastatin, CoQ10, and SIMV+CoQ10 treatments decreased plasma LDL levels, but only the combined SIMV+CoQ10 treatment increased NOS activity and the expression of Akt, eNOS, and p-eNOS in both the heart and the aorta. Interestingly, NADPH oxidase in the heart and NF-kappaB protein expression in the aorta were decreased by all treatments, including nanoparticles alone. In conclusion, only combined therapy with SIMV- and CoQ10-loaded nanoparticles increased NOS activity and upregulated the Akt-eNOS pathway in obese Zucker rats, which may represent a promising tool for the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Pham Le Khanh H, Nemes D, Rusznyák Á, Ujhelyi Z, Fehér P, Fenyvesi F, Váradi J, Vecsernyés M, Bácskay I. Comparative Investigation of Cellular Effects of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:279. [PMID: 35054686 PMCID: PMC8779311 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, polyethylene glycols referred to as PEGs are widely used in cosmetics, consumer care products, and the pharmaceutical industry. Their advantageous properties such as chemical stability, low immunogenicity, and high tolerability explain why PEGs are applied in many fields of pharmaceutical formulations including parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, oral, and rectal preparations and also in modern drug delivery systems. Given their extensive use, they are considered a well-known group of chemicals. However, the number of large-scale comparative studies involving multiple PEGs of wide molecular weight range is low, as in most cases biological effects are estimated upon molecular weight. The aim of this publication was to study the action of PEGs on Caco-2 cells and G. mellonella larvae and to calculate the correlation of these effects with molecular weight and osmolality. Eleven PEGs of different molecular weight were used in our experiments: PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 600, PEG 1000, PEG 1500, PEG 4000, PEG 8000, PEG 10,000, 12,000, and PEG 20,000. The investigated cellular effects included cytotoxicity (MTT and Neutral Red assays, flow cytometry with propidium iodide and annexin V) and autophagy. The osmolality of different molecular weight PEGs with various concentrations was measured by a vapor pressure osmometer OSMOMAT 070 and G. mellonella larvae were injected with the solutions of PEGs. Sorbitol was used as controls of the same osmolality. Statistical correlation was calculated to describe the average molecular weight dependence of the different measured effects. Osmolality, the cytotoxicity assays, flow cytometry data, and larvae mortality had significant correlation with the structure of the PEGs, while autophagosome formation and the proportion of early apoptotic cells showed no statistical correlation. Overall, it must be noted that PEGs must be tested individually for biological effects as not all effects can be estimated by the average molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Pham Le Khanh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (H.P.L.K.); (D.N.); (Á.R.); (Z.U.); (P.F.); (F.F.); (J.V.); (M.V.)
- Doctorate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Nemes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (H.P.L.K.); (D.N.); (Á.R.); (Z.U.); (P.F.); (F.F.); (J.V.); (M.V.)
- Doctorate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Rusznyák
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (H.P.L.K.); (D.N.); (Á.R.); (Z.U.); (P.F.); (F.F.); (J.V.); (M.V.)
- Doctorate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (H.P.L.K.); (D.N.); (Á.R.); (Z.U.); (P.F.); (F.F.); (J.V.); (M.V.)
- Doctorate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (H.P.L.K.); (D.N.); (Á.R.); (Z.U.); (P.F.); (F.F.); (J.V.); (M.V.)
- Doctorate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (H.P.L.K.); (D.N.); (Á.R.); (Z.U.); (P.F.); (F.F.); (J.V.); (M.V.)
- Doctorate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Váradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (H.P.L.K.); (D.N.); (Á.R.); (Z.U.); (P.F.); (F.F.); (J.V.); (M.V.)
- Doctorate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Vecsernyés
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (H.P.L.K.); (D.N.); (Á.R.); (Z.U.); (P.F.); (F.F.); (J.V.); (M.V.)
- Doctorate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (H.P.L.K.); (D.N.); (Á.R.); (Z.U.); (P.F.); (F.F.); (J.V.); (M.V.)
- Doctorate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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