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Policastro D, Giorno E, Scarpelli F, Godbert N, Ricciardi L, Crispini A, Candreva A, Marchetti F, Xhafa S, De Rose R, Nucera A, Barberi RC, Castriota M, De Bartolo L, Aiello I. New Zinc-Based Active Chitosan Films: Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties. Front Chem 2022; 10:884059. [PMID: 35711963 PMCID: PMC9194505 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.884059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of chitosan (CS) films can be realized by incorporating transition metal complexes as active components. In this context, bioactive films were prepared by embedding a newly synthesized acylpyrazolonate Zn(II) complex, [Zn(QPhtBu)2(MeOH)2], into the eco-friendly biopolymer CS matrix. Homogeneous, amorphous, flexible, and transparent CS@Znn films were obtained through the solvent casting method in dilute acidic solution, using different weight ratios of the Zn(II) complex to CS and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The X-ray single-crystal analysis of [Zn(QPhtBu)2(MeOH)2] and the evaluation of its intermolecular interactions with a protonated glucosamine fragment through hydrogen bond propensity (HBP) calculations are reported. The effects of the different contents of the [Zn(QPhtBu)2(MeOH)2] complex on the CS biological proprieties have been evaluated, proving that the new CS@Znn films show an improved antioxidant activity, tested according to the DPPH method, with respect to pure CS, related to the concentration of the incorporated Zn(II) complex. Finally, the CS@Znn films were tried out as antimicrobial agents, showing an increase in antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) with respect to pure CS, when detected by the agar disk-diffusion method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Policastro
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy
| | - Eugenia Giorno
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Scarpelli
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy
| | - Nicolas Godbert
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy
| | - Loredana Ricciardi
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC- Institute of Nanotechnology U.O.S. Cosenza, Rende, Italy
| | - Alessandra Crispini
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy
| | - Angela Candreva
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- School of Science and Technology Chemistry Section, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Sonila Xhafa
- School of Science and Technology Chemistry Section, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Renata De Rose
- LAB CF-INABEC Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonello Nucera
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy
| | - Riccardo C Barberi
- CNR NANOTEC- Institute of Nanotechnology U.O.S. Cosenza, Rende, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy
| | - Marco Castriota
- CNR NANOTEC- Institute of Nanotechnology U.O.S. Cosenza, Rende, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy, C/o University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Iolinda Aiello
- MAT-INLAB (Laboratorio di Materiali Molecolari Inorganici) and LASCAMM - CR INSTM, Unità INSTM of Calabria, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Rende, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC- Institute of Nanotechnology U.O.S. Cosenza, Rende, Italy
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On the Development of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Using a New Type of Lignin Extracted from Pine Wood with a Levulinic-Acid Based Solvent. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092825. [PMID: 35566176 PMCID: PMC9105709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resole resins have many applications, especially for foam production. However, the use of phenol, a key ingredient in resoles, has serious environmental and economic disadvantages. In this work, lignin extracted from pine wood using a "green" solvent, levulinic acid, was used to partially replace the non-sustainable phenol. The physicochemical properties of this novel resin were compared with resins composed of different types of commercial lignins. All resins were optimized to keep their free formaldehyde content below 1 wt%, by carefully adjusting the pH of the mixture. Substitution of phenol with lignin generally increases the viscosity of the resins, which is further increased with the lignin mass fraction. The addition of lignin decreases the kinetics of gelification of the resin. The type and amount of lignin also affect the thermal stability of the resins. It was possible to obtain resins with higher thermal stability than the standard phenol-formaldehyde resins without lignin. This work provides new insights regarding the development of lignin-based resoles as a very promising sustainable alternative to petrol-based resins.
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Lignin enhances cellulose dissolution in cold alkali. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 274:118661. [PMID: 34702480 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are extensively used as solvents for lignin in kraft pulping. These are also appealing systems for cellulose dissolution due to their inexpensiveness, ease to recycle and low toxicity. Cellulose dissolution occurs in a narrow concentration region and at low temperatures. Dissolution is often incomplete but additives, such as zinc oxide or urea, have been found to significantly improve cellulose dissolution. In this work, lignin was explored as a possible beneficial additive for cellulose dissolution. Lignin was found to improve cellulose dissolution in cold alkali, extending the NaOH concentration range to lower values. The regenerated cellulose material from the NaOH-lignin solvents was found to have a lower crystallinity and crystallite size than the samples prepared in the neat NaOH and NaOH-urea solvents. Beneficial lignin-cellulose interactions in solution state appear to be preserved under coagulation and regeneration, reducing the tendency of crystallization of cellulose.
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