1
|
Bergaliyeva S, Sales DL, Jiménez Cabello JM, Burgos Pintos P, Fernández Delgado N, Marzo Gago P, Zammit A, Molina SI. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Reprocessed Polylactide/Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3458. [PMID: 37631515 PMCID: PMC10459176 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer that can replace petroleum-based polymers and is widely used in material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM). The reprocessing of PLA leads to a downcycling of its properties, so strategies are being sought to counteract this effect, such as blending with virgin material or creating nanocomposites. Thus, two sets of nanocomposites based respectively on virgin PLA and a blend of PLA and reprocessed PLA (rPLA) with the addition of 0, 3, and 7 wt% of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) were created via a double screw extruder system. All blends were used for material extrusion for 3D printing directly from pellets without difficulty. Scanning electron micrographs of fractured samples' surfaces indicate that the nanoparticles gathered in agglomerations in some blends, which were well dispersed in the polymer matrix. The thermal stability and degree of crystallinity for every set of nanocomposites have a rising tendency with increasing nanoparticle concentration. The glass transition and melting temperatures of PLA/TiO2 and PLA/rPLA/TiO2 do not differ much. Tensile testing showed that although reprocessed material implies a detriment to the mechanical properties, in the specimens with 7% nano-TiO2, this effect is counteracted, reaching values like those of virgin PLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saltanat Bergaliyeva
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Algeciras School of Engineering and Technology, Universidad de Cádiz, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, Ramón Puyol Avenue, 11202 Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
- Physics and Technology Department, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71, Al-Farabi Avenue, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - David L. Sales
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Algeciras School of Engineering and Technology, Universidad de Cádiz, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, Ramón Puyol Avenue, 11202 Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José María Jiménez Cabello
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Pedro Burgos Pintos
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Natalia Fernández Delgado
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Patricia Marzo Gago
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| | - Ann Zammit
- Department of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
| | - Sergio I. Molina
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río S. Pedro, INNANOMAT, IMEYMAT, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.M.J.C.); (P.B.P.); (N.F.D.); (P.M.G.); (S.I.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yan X, Chen L, Tian H, Jia S, Wang X, Pan H, Han L, Bian J, Yang H, Wu G, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Enhancement of the compatibility, mechanical properties, and heat resistance of poly(butylene succinate-co-terephthalate)/poly(butylene succinate) blends by the addition of chain extender and nucleating agent. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
|
3
|
Chang CJ, Chandrasekar J, Cho CJ, Venkatesan M, Huang PS, Yang CW, Wang HT, Wong CM, Kuo CC. Reinforcing a Thermoplastic Starch/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composite Foam with Polyethylene Glycol under Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010129. [PMID: 36616479 PMCID: PMC9824321 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable foams are a potential substitute for most fossil-fuel-derived polymer foams currently used in the cushion furniture-making industry. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) are biodegradable polymers, although their poor compatibility does not support the foam-forming process. In this study, we investigated the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with or without silane A (SA) on the foam density, cell structure and tensile properties of TPS/PBAT blends. The challenges in foam forming were explored through various temperature and pressure values under supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) conditions. The obtained experimental results indicate that PEG and SA act as a plasticizer and compatibilizer, respectively. The 50% (TPS with SA + PEG)/50% PBAT blends generally produce foams that have a lower foam density and better cell structure than those of 50% (TPS with PEG)/50% PBAT blends. The tensile property of each 50% (TPS with SA + PEG)/50% PBAT foam is generally better than that of each 50% (TPS with PEG)/50% PBAT foam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Chang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Jayashree Chandrasekar
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Cho
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.C.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Manikandan Venkatesan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Shu Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Yang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ta Wang
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Ching Kuo
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.C.); (C.-C.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brancewicz-Steinmetz E, Sawicki J. Bonding and Strengthening the PLA Biopolymer in Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15165563. [PMID: 36013700 PMCID: PMC9416234 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a revolutionary additive manufacturing method that enables rapid prototyping and design flexibility. A variety of thermoplastic polymers can be used in printing. As it is necessary to reduce the consumption of petrochemical resources, alternative solutions are being researched, and the interest in using bioplastics and biocomposites is constantly growing. Often, however, the properties of biopolymers are insufficient and need to be improved to compete with petroleum-based plastics. The paper aims to analyze the available information on elements produced from more than one material, with additive manufacturing resulting from 3D printing using biopolymer Polylactic Acid (PLA). The study notes the possibility of modifying and improving the properties of PLA using layered printing or by modifying PLA filaments. Several modifications improving and changing the properties of PLA were also noted, including printing parameters when combined with other materials: process temperatures, filling, and surface development for various sample geometries.
Collapse
|
5
|
Thumsorn S, Prasong W, Kurose T, Ishigami A, Kobayashi Y, Ito H. Rheological Behavior and Dynamic Mechanical Properties for Interpretation of Layer Adhesion in FDM 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132721. [PMID: 35808766 PMCID: PMC9268954 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial filaments of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites with particulate filler, carbon fiber, and copper powder with different contents were fabricated by FDM 3D printing in XZ-direction at bed temperatures of 45 °C and 60 °C. The effects of additives and bed temperatures on layer adhesion, fracture behavior, and mechanical performance of the PLA composites 3D printing were evaluated. Rheological properties informed viscous nature of all filaments and interface bonding in the PLA composites, which improved printability and dimensional stability of the 3D printing. Crystallinity of the PLA composites 3D printing increased with increasing bed temperature resulting in an improvement of storage modulus, tensile, and flexural properties. On the contrary, the ductility of the 3D printing was raised when printed at low bed temperature. Dynamic mechanical properties, the degree of entanglement, the adhesion factor, the effectiveness coefficient, the reinforcing efficiency factor, and the Cole–Cole analysis were used to understand the layer adhesion, and the interfacial interaction of the composites as compared to the compression molded sheets. SEM images revealed good adhesion between the additives and the PLA matrix. However, the additives induced faster solidification and showed larger voids in the 3D printing, which indicated lower layer adhesion as compared to neat PLA. It can be noted that the combination of the additives and the optimized 3D printing conditions would be obtain superior mechanical performance even layer adhesion has been restricted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supaphorn Thumsorn
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (T.K.); (A.I.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (H.I.); Tel.: +81-(23)-8263081 (H.I.)
| | - Wattanachai Prasong
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pathumwan Institute of Technology, 833 Rama I Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (T.K.); (A.I.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Shizuoka 437-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (T.K.); (A.I.); (Y.K.)
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kobayashi
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (T.K.); (A.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (T.K.); (A.I.); (Y.K.)
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (H.I.); Tel.: +81-(23)-8263081 (H.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feasibility Study on the Fused Filaments of Injection-Molding-Grade Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112276. [PMID: 35683948 PMCID: PMC9182887 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike that of glycol-modified Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG), the crystallinity of PET can be post-adjusted to enhance the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts such as food-contact tableware and bio-implants. The aforementioned PET material could be 3D printed to produce the desired parts for performance evaluation before mass production by injection molding. In this study, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we examined the pellets, extruded filament, and printed specimen to identify variations in melting and crystalline temperatures, as well as crystallinity. It was also shown by Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) that the addition of talcum powder increased the thermal stability of filament and resulted in an interaction between the fillers and polymer matrix. The crystallinities of the filament and printed specimen were then compared with the yield strengths and Young’s moduli to confirm the effects of the decreased molecular weight of the extruded PET filament. The talcum powder effectively improved the viscosity of the PET melted during the extrusion process for the filament and then enhanced the crystallinity of the PET, thereby achieving a significantly higher Young’s modulus. The printed PET specimen presented an excellent yield strength of 25 MPa and ductile properties with strain-at-break values of 30%, successfully indicating potential applications in food-contact tableware and bio-implants.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Z, He F, Wang B, Zhao Y, Wei Z, Zhang H, Sang L. Biodegradable PGA/PBAT Blends for 3D Printing: Material Performance and Periodic Minimal Surface Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213757. [PMID: 34771313 PMCID: PMC8587109 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have been rapidly developed for alleviating excessive consumption of non-degradable plastics. Additive manufacturing is also a green energy-efficiency and environment-protection technique to fabricate complicated structures. Herein, biodegradable polyesters, polyglycolic acid (PGA) and poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) were blended and developed into feedstock for 3D printing. Under a set of formulations, PGA/PBAT blends exhibited a tailored stiffness-toughness mechanical performance. Then, PGA/PBAT (85/15 in weight ratio) with good thermal stability and mechanical property were extruded into filaments with a uniform wire diameter. Mechanical testing clearly indicated that FDM 3D-printed exhibited comparable tensile, flexural and impact properties with injection-molded samples of PGA/PBAT (85/15). Furthermore, uniform and graded Diamond-Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (D-TPMS) structures were designed and successfully manufactured via the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Computer tomography (CT) was employed to confirm the internal three-dimensional structures. The compressive test results showed that PGA/PBAT (85/15) D-surface structures bear better load-carrying capacity than that of neat PGA, giving an advantage of energy absorption. Additionally, typical industrial parts were manufactured with excellent dimension-stability, no-wrapping and fine quality. Collectively, biodegradable PGA/PBAT material with good printability has great potentials in application requiring stiffer structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Zhang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Fengtai He
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China; (F.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China; (F.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhiyong Wei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (L.S.)
| | - Lin Sang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zohdi N, Yang R(C. Material Anisotropy in Additively Manufactured Polymers and Polymer Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193368. [PMID: 34641184 PMCID: PMC8512748 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a sustainable and innovative manufacturing technology to fabricate products with specific properties and complex shapes for additive manufacturable materials including polymers, steels, titanium, copper, ceramics, composites, etc. This technology can well facilitate consumer needs on products with complex geometry and shape, high strength and lightweight. It is sustainable with having a layer-by-layer manufacturing process contrary to the traditional material removal technology—subtractive manufacturing. However, there are still challenges on the AM technologies, which created barriers for their further applications in engineering fields. For example, materials properties including mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the additively manufactured products are greatly affected by using different ways of AM methods and it was found as the material anisotropy phenomenon. In this study, a detailed literature review is conducted to investigate research work conducted on the material anisotropy phenomenon of additively manufactured materials. Based on research findings on material anisotropy phenomenon reported in the literature, this review paper aims to understand the nature of this phenomenon, address main factors and parameters influencing its severity on thermal, electrical and mechanical properties of 3D printed parts, and also, explore potential methods to minimise or mitigate this unwanted anisotropy. The outcomes of this study would be able to shed a light on improving additive manufacturing technologies and material properties of additively manufactured materials.
Collapse
|
9
|
Coiai S, Di Lorenzo ML, Cinelli P, Righetti MC, Passaglia E. Binary Green Blends of Poly(lactic acid) with Poly(butylene adipate- co-butylene terephthalate) and Poly(butylene succinate- co-butylene adipate) and Their Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2489. [PMID: 34372090 PMCID: PMC8348712 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the most widely produced biobased, biodegradable and biocompatible polyester. Despite many of its properties are similar to those of common petroleum-based polymers, some drawbacks limit its utilization, especially high brittleness and low toughness. To overcome these problems and improve the ductility and the impact resistance, PLA is often blended with other biobased and biodegradable polymers. For this purpose, poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) are very advantageous copolymers, because their toughness and elongation at break are complementary to those of PLA. Similar to PLA, both these copolymers are biodegradable and can be produced from annual renewable resources. This literature review aims to collect results on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends, as binary blends with and without addition of coupling agents. The effect of different compatibilizers on the PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends properties is here elucidated, to highlight how the PLA toughness and ductility can be improved and tuned by using appropriate additives. In addition, the incorporation of solid nanoparticles to the PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends is discussed in detail, to demonstrate how the nanofillers can act as morphology stabilizers, and so improve the properties of these PLA-based formulations, especially mechanical performance, thermal stability and gas/vapor barrier properties. Key points about the biodegradation of the blends and the nanocomposites are presented, together with current applications of these novel green materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Coiai
- CNR-ICCOM, National Research Council—Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- CNR-IPCB, National Research Council—Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council—Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- CNR-ICCOM, National Research Council—Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|