Effect of π-Conjugated Spacer in N-Alkylphenoxazine-Based Sensitizers Containing Double Anchors for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Theoretical Investigation of the Effects of Aldehyde Substitution with Pyran Groups in D-π-A Dye on Performance of DSSCs

This work investigated the substitution of the aldehyde with a pyran functional group in D-π-aldehyde dye to improve cell performance. This strategy was suggested by recent work that synthesized D-π-aldehyde dye, which achieved a maximum absorption wavelength that was only slightly off the threshold for an ideal sensitizer. Therefore, DFT and TD-DFT were used to investigate the effect of different pyran substituents to replace the aldehyde group. The pyran groups reduced the dye energy gap better than other known anchoring groups. The proposed dyes showed facile intermolecular charge transfer through the localization of HOMO and LUMO orbitals on the donor and acceptor parts, which promoted orbital overlap with the TiO2 surface. The studied dyes have HOMO and LOMO energy levels that could regenerate electrons from redox potential electrodes and inject electrons into the TiO2 conduction band. The lone pairs of oxygen atoms in pyran components act as nucleophile centers, facilitating adsorption on the TiO2 surface through their electrophile atoms. Pyrans increased the efficacy of dye sensitizers by extending their absorbance range and causing the maximum peak to redshift deeper into the visible region. The effects of the pyran groups on photovoltaic properties such as light harvesting efficiency (LHE), free energy change of electron injection, and dye regeneration were investigated and discussed. The adsorption behaviors of the proposed dyes on the TiO2 (1 1 0) surface were investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The calculated adsorption energies indicates that pyran fragments, compared to the aldehyde in the main dye, had a greater ability to induce the adsorption onto the TiO2 substrate.