1
|
Kampeerapappun P, O-Charoen N, Dhamvithee P, Jansri E. Biocomposite Based on Polylactic Acid and Rice Straw for Food Packaging Products. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1038. [PMID: 38674957 PMCID: PMC11054454 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic containers, commonly produced from non-biodegradable petroleum-based plastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), raise significant environmental concerns due to their persistence. The disposal of agricultural waste, specifically rice straw (RS), through burning, further compounds these environmental issues. In response, this study explores the integration of polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable material, with RS using a twin-screw extruder and injection process, resulting in the creation of a biodegradable packaging material. The inclusion of RS led to a decrease in the melt flow rate, thermal stability, and tensile strength, while concurrently enhancing the hydrophilic properties of the composite polymers. Additionally, the incorporation of maleic anhydride (MA) contributed to a reduction in the water absorption rate. The optimized formulation underwent migration testing and met the standards for food packaging products. Furthermore, no MA migration was detected from the composite. This approach not only provides a practical solution for the disposal of RS, but also serves as an environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional synthetic plastic waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyaporn Kampeerapappun
- Faculty of Textile Industries, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep, Bangkok 10120, Thailand;
| | - Narongchai O-Charoen
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand;
| | - Pisit Dhamvithee
- Division of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Product Innovation and Technology, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand;
| | - Ektinai Jansri
- Division of Polymer Materials Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Product Innovation and Technology, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perišić S, Kalevski K, Grujić A, Nedeljković D, Stajić-Trošić J, Radojević V. Effect of Moisture on the Mechanical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites Hybridized with Metal Grid Layers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4705. [PMID: 38139957 PMCID: PMC10748366 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are some of the most common modern composite materials for interior and exterior design that combine natural waste wood properties and the molding possibility of a thermoplastic polymer binder. The addition of reinforcing elements, binding agents, pigments, and coatings, as well as changes to the microstructure and composition, can all affect the quality of WPCs for particular purposes. To improve the properties, hybrid composite panels of WPCs with 30 wt. % and 40 wt. % of wood content and reinforced with one or three metal grid layers were prepared sequentially by extrusion and hot pressure molding. The results show an average 20% higher moisture absorption for composites with higher wood content. A high impact test (HIT) revealed that the absorbed energy of deformation increased with the number of metal grid layers, regardless of the wood content, around two times for all samples before water immersion and around ten times after water absorption. Also, absorbed energy increases with raised wood content, which is most pronounced in three-metal-grid samples, from 21 J to 26 J (before swelling) and from 15 J to 24 J (after swelling). Flexural tests follow the trends observed by HIT, indicating around 65% higher strength for samples with three metal grid layers vs. samples without a metal grid before water immersion and around 80% higher strength for samples with three metal grid layers vs. samples without a grid after water absorption. The synthesis route, double reinforcing (wood and metal), applied methods of characterization, and optimization according to the obtained results provide a WPC with improved mechanical properties ready for an outdoor purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Perišić
- Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Katarina Kalevski
- Faculty of Stomatology Pancevo, University Business Academy, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandar Grujić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.N.); (J.S.-T.)
| | - Dragutin Nedeljković
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.N.); (J.S.-T.)
| | - Jasna Stajić-Trošić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (D.N.); (J.S.-T.)
| | - Vesna Radojević
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jubinville D, Chen G, Mekonnen TH. Simulated Thermo-Mechanical Recycling of High-Density Polyethylene for the Fabrication of Hemp Hurd Plastic Composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
|
4
|
Jiang L, Zhou Y, Jin F, Hou Z. Influence of Polymer Matrices on the Tensile and Impact Properties of Long Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020408. [PMID: 36679287 PMCID: PMC9865378 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the influence of polymer matrices on the tensile and impact properties of long fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (LFT) composites, composites of long basalt fiber-reinforced thermoplastic were developed in this work. Two types of polyethylene, namely 8008 and 100S, and two types of polyethylene, namely C4220 and K8303, were chosen as the matrices. The fiber volume fractions were set as 2.8%, 5.9%, 8.1%, and 10.6%. The melt flow index (MFI), crystallinity, tensile properties, impact strength, and fracture morphology of the neat polymers and the corresponding composites were tested. The composites of 8008 showed the highest tensile strength since neat 8008 showed a much higher MFI value and crystallinity. The composites of 8008 and K8303 showed a much higher tensile modulus since the neat thermoplastic showed a higher tensile modulus than the other two composites. The polymer toughness was the factor that determined whether the polymer could be toughened by fibers. Moreover, the interfacial shear strength was calculated and compared with the matrix shear strength, based on which fracture modes of the LFT were predicted. Effective methods were proposed for further improvement of the mechanical properties. The results of this paper were essential for attaining the anticipated properties when designing LFT composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Jiang
- International Institute for Urban Systems Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- College of National Defense Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Yinzhi Zhou
- College of National Defense Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13951887401
| | - Fengnian Jin
- College of National Defense Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Zhenhua Hou
- Jiangxi Xinda Hangke New Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
- International Institute of Materials Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Processability and Physical Properties of Compatibilized Recycled HDPE/Rice Husk Biocomposites. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp6040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The circular economy promotes plastic recycling, waste minimization, and sustainable materials. Hence, the use of agricultural waste and recycled plastics is an eco-friendly and economic outlook for developing eco-designed products. Moreover, new alternatives to reinforce recycled polyolefins and add value to agroindustrial byproducts are emerging to develop processable materials with reliable performance for industrial applications. In this study, post-consumer recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) and ground rice husk (RH) of 20% w/w were blended in a torque rheometer with or without the following coupling agents: (i) maleic anhydride grafted polymer (MAEO) 5% w/w, (ii) neoalkoxy titanate (NAT) 1.5% w/w, and (iii) ethylene–glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (EGMA) 5% w/w. In terms of processability, the addition of RH decreased the specific energy consumption in the torque experiments with or without additives compared to neat rHDPE. Furthermore, the time to reach thermal stability in the extrusion process was improved with EGMA and MAEO compatibilizers. Tensile and impact test results showed that using coupling agents enhanced the properties of the RH composites. On the other hand, thermal properties analyzed through differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis showed no significant variation for all composites. The morphology of the tensile fracture surfaces was observed via scanning electron microscopy. The results show that these recycled composites are feasible for manufacturing products when an appropriate compatibilizer is used.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang S, Wang W. Preparation and characterization of a novel composite membrane of natural silk fiber/nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan for guided bone tissue regeneration. E-POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2021-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural silk fiber (SF) was introduced into the chitosan/nano-hydroxyapatite (CS/n-HA) system to fabricate a novel guided bone tissue regeneration (GBR) membrane. The effect of different treatment methods (degummed, un-degummed, or dissolved SF) and different contents of SF on the properties of the CS/n-HA composite membrane was investigated. Results demonstrated that the degummed SF/CS/n-HA composite membrane with a weight ratio of 2:6:2 possessed the highest mechanical strength, where SF supported the composite membrane as a skeleton frame in the form of primeval state, while the un-degummed SF and dissolved SF had weaker reinforce effect due to the poor interface or poor interaction between SF and CS, and the dissolved SF/CS/n-HA composite membrane displayed the fastest degradation. However, the three SF could all improve the cell biocompatibility of the CS/n-HA composite membrane. Conclusively, the study revealed that degummed SF could in situ reinforce the CS/n-HA composite membrane with a simple and green processing method, which would provide an important guidance significant to develop a novel GBR membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081 , China
| | - Weijia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081 , China
| |
Collapse
|