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Uva A, Michailovich S, Hsu NSY, Tran H. Degradable π-Conjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12271-12287. [PMID: 38656104 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The integration of next-generation electronics into society is rapidly reshaping our daily interactions and lifestyles, revolutionizing communication and engagement with the world. Future electronics promise stimuli-responsive features and enhanced biocompatibility, such as skin-like health monitors and sensors embedded in food packaging, transforming healthcare and reducing food waste. Imparting degradability may reduce the adverse environmental impact of next-generation electronics and lead to opportunities for environmental and health monitoring. While advancements have been made in producing degradable materials for encapsulants, substrates, and dielectrics, the availability of degradable conducting and semiconducting materials remains restricted. π-Conjugated polymers are promising candidates for the development of degradable conductors or semiconductors due to the ability to tune their stimuli-responsiveness, biocompatibility, and mechanical durability. This perspective highlights three design considerations: the selection of π-conjugated monomers, synthetic coupling strategies, and degradation of π-conjugated polymers, for generating π-conjugated materials for degradable electronics. We describe the current challenges with monomeric design and present options to circumvent these issues by highlighting biobased π-conjugated compounds with known degradation pathways and stable monomers that allow for chemically recyclable polymers. Next, we present coupling strategies that are compatible for the synthesis of degradable π-conjugated polymers, including direct arylation polymerization and enzymatic polymerization. Lastly, we discuss various modes of depolymerization and characterization techniques to enhance our comprehension of potential degradation byproducts formed during polymer cleavage. Our perspective considers these three design parameters in parallel rather than independently while having a targeted application in mind to accelerate the discovery of next-generation high-performance π-conjugated polymers for degradable organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azalea Uva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sofia Michailovich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Nathan Sung Yuan Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Taşkor Önel G. Synthesis of L-Ornithine- and L-Glutamine-Linked PLGAs as Biodegradable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3998. [PMID: 37836048 PMCID: PMC10575337 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
L-ornithine and L-glutamine are amino acids used for ammonia and nitrogen transport in the human body. Novel biodegradable synthetic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) derivatives were synthesized via conjugation with L-ornithine or L-glutamine, which were selected due to their biological importance. L-ornithine or L-glutamine was integrated into a PLGA polymer with EDC coupling reactions as a structure developer after the synthesis of PLGA via the polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization of lactide and glycolide. The chemical, thermal, and degradation property-structure relationships of PLGA, PLGA-L-ornithine, and PLGA-L-glutamine were identified. The conjugation between PLGA and the amino acid was confirmed through observation of an increase in the number of carbonyl carbons in the range of 170-160 ppm in the 13C NMR spectrum and the signal of the amide carbonyl vibration at about 1698 cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum. The developed PLGA-L-ornithine and PLGA-L-glutamine derivatives were thermally stable and energetic materials. In addition, PLGA-L-ornithine and PLGA-L-glutamine, with their unique hydrophilic properties, had faster degradation times than PLGA in terms of surface-type erosion, which covers their requirements. L-ornithine- and L-glutamine-linked PLGAs are potential candidates for development into biodegradable PLGA-derived biopolymers that can be used as raw materials for biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülce Taşkor Önel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Yalnızbağ, Erzincan 24002, Türkiye
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Vukomanović M, Gazvoda L, Kurtjak M, Maček-Kržmanc M, Spreitzer M, Tang Q, Wu J, Ye H, Chen X, Mattera M, Puigmartí-Luis J, Pane SV. Filler-Enhanced Piezoelectricity of Poly-L-Lactide and Its Use as a Functional Ultrasound-Activated Biomaterial. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301981. [PMID: 37186376 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Poly-L-lactide (PLLA) offers a unique possibility for processing into biocompatible, biodegradable, and implantable piezoelectric structures. With such properties, PLLA has potential to be used as an advanced tool for mimicking biophysical processes that naturally occur during the self-repair of wounds and damaged tissues, including electrostimulated regeneration. The piezoelectricity of PLLA strongly depends on the possibility of controlling its crystallinity and molecular orientation. Here, it is shown that modifying PLLA with a small amount (1 wt%) of crystalline filler particles with a high aspect ratio, which act as nucleating agents during drawing-induced crystallization, promotes the formation of highly crystalline and oriented PLLA structures. This increases their piezoelectricity, and the filler-modified PLLA films provide a 20-fold larger voltage output than nonmodified PLLA during ultrasound (US)-assisted activation. With 99% PLLA content, the ability of the films to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase the local temperature during interactions with US is shown to be very low. US-assisted piezostimulation of adherent cells directly attach to their surface (such as skin keratinocytes), stimulate cytoskeleton formation, and as a result cells elongate and orient themselves in a specific direction that align with the direction of PLLA film drawing and PLLA dipole orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Vukomanović
- Advanced Materials Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Lea Gazvoda
- Advanced Materials Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Mario Kurtjak
- Advanced Materials Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Maček-Kržmanc
- Advanced Materials Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Spreitzer
- Advanced Materials Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Qiao Tang
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Jiang Wu
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Hao Ye
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Xiangzhong Chen
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Michele Mattera
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Salvador Vidal Pane
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland
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Biodegradable Materials for Tissue Engineering: Development, Classification and Current Applications. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14030159. [PMID: 36976083 PMCID: PMC10051288 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this review is to map the current state of biodegradable materials that are used in tissue engineering for a variety of applications. At the beginning, the paper briefly identifies typical clinical indications in orthopedics for the use of biodegradable implants. Subsequently, the most frequent groups of biodegradable materials are identified, classified, and analyzed. To this end, a bibliometric analysis was applied to evaluate the evolution of the scientific literature in selected topics of the subject. The special focus of this study is on polymeric biodegradable materials that have been widely used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Moreover, to outline current research trends and future research directions in this area, selected smart biodegradable materials are characterized, categorized, and discussed. Finally, pertinent conclusions regarding the applicability of biodegradable materials are drawn and recommendations for future research are suggested to drive this line of research forward.
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He Z, Feng Y, Wang C, Yang J, Tan T, Yang J. Structure and properties of new biodegradable elastomers composed of poly(ethylene succinate)‐based poly(ether ester)s and poly(lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yinbiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Junjiao Yang
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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Thermal and photo oxidative degradation of natural rubber film in the presence of iron (III) stearate. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pothupitiya JU, Zheng C, Saltzman WM. Synthetic biodegradable polyesters for implantable controlled-release devices. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1351-1364. [PMID: 36197839 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2131768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Implantable devices can be designed to release drugs to localized regions of tissue at sustained and reliable rates. Advances in polymer engineering have led to the design and development of drug-loaded implants with predictable, desirable release profiles. Biodegradable polyesters exhibit chemical, physical, and biological properties suitable for developing implants for pain management, cancer therapy, contraception, antiviral therapy, and other applications. AREAS COVERED : This article reviews the use of biodegradable polyesters for drug-loaded implants by discussing the properties of commonly used polymers, techniques for implant formulation and manufacturing, mechanisms of drug release, and clinical applications of implants as drug delivery devices. EXPERT OPINION : Drug delivery implants are unique systems for safe and sustained drug release, providing high bioavailability and low toxicity. Depending on the implant design and tissue site of deployment, implants can offer either localized or systemic drug release. Due to the long history of use of degradable polyesters in medical devices, polyester-based implants represent an important class of controlled release technologies. Further, polyester-based implants are the largest category of drug delivery implants to reach the point of testing in humans or approval for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinal U Pothupitiya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Christy Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University; New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Gazvoda L, Perišić Nanut M, Spreitzer M, Vukomanović M. Antimicrobial activity of piezoelectric polymer: piezoelectricity as the reason for damaging bacterial membrane. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:4933-4948. [PMID: 35861487 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00644h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell stimulation using piezoelectric polymers, which is known as piezostimulation, is an innovative approach for designing antimicrobial protection. As an antibiotic-free and inorganic nanoparticle-free approach, it uses physical stimuli to target bacterial cells in a non-specific manner, which may be of great importance, particularly in the context of avoiding resistant bacterial strains. In this study, we prepared fully organic piezoelectric biodegradable films composed of poly-L-lactide (PLLA) and demonstrated their antimicrobial effect on S. epidermidis as a model of Gram-positive and E. coli as a model of Gram-negative bacteria. The PLLA films were either smooth and fabricated using simple melt- drawing or nanotextured, as self-standing nanotubes formed using the template-assisted method. The morphological differences between nanotextured and smooth films resulted in a larger surface area and better surface contact in nanotextured films, together with improved structural properties and better crystallinity, which were the main reasons for their better piezoelectric properties, and consequently stronger bactericidal effect. The comparison between the nanotextured surfaces with and without piezoelectric nature excluded the main role of morphology and directly confirmed piezoelectricity as the main reason for the observed antimicrobial affect. We also confirmed that piezo-stimulation using the antibacterial nanotextured film could damage the bacterial membrane as the main mechanism of action, while the contribution of pH changes and ROS generation was negligible. More importantly, the effect was selective toward the bacterial membrane and the same damage was not observed in human red blood cells, making the therapeutic use of these films possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gazvoda
- Advanced materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Matjaž Spreitzer
- Advanced materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marija Vukomanović
- Advanced materials Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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