1
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Gu X, Zhu S, Liu S, Liu Y. Study of Aerogel-Modified Recycled Polyurethane Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2583. [PMID: 37764612 PMCID: PMC10535140 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a liquid regenerated polyether polyol was obtained after the degradation of waste PU foam by the two-component decrosslinker agents ethylene glycol and ethanolamine. The regenerated polyol-based polyurethane foam was modified by adding different ratios of SiO2 aerogel through the self-preparation of silica aerogel (SiO2 aerogel) to prepare aerogel/regenerated polyurethane foam nanocomposites of SiO2 aerogel-modified regenerated polyurethane composites. A series of analytical tests on self-prepared silica aerogel and aerogel-modified recycled polyurethane foam composites were performed. The analysis of the test results shows that the regenerated rigid PU foam obtained with SiO2 aerogel addition of 0.3% in the polyurethane degradation material has a small density, low thermal conductivity, and higher compressive strength; hence, the prepared silica aerogel-regenerated polyol-based polyurethane nanocomposite has good thermal insulation and strength support properties. The clean, low-carbon, and high-value utilization of recycled waste polyurethane was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Gu
- School of Energy and Building Environment, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Shangwen Zhu
- School of Energy and Building Environment, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
| | - Siwen Liu
- College of Innovative Material and Energy, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Energy and Building Environment, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
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2
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Grdadolnik M, Zdovc B, Drinčić A, Onder OC, Utroša P, Ramos SG, Ramos ED, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Chemical Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Aminolysis to Recover High-Quality Polyols. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:10864-10873. [PMID: 37502771 PMCID: PMC10369675 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are widely used commodity materials, but most of them end up in landfills at the end of their life, which is not in line with the circular economy approach. Here, we introduce microwave-assisted aminolysis with amine reagents that contain primary and tertiary amino groups in the structure. These reagents enable complete degradation of the urethane groups in the structure of the flexible PUFs with a much lower amount of degradation reagent than is typically required for solvolysis reactions. The purified, recovered polyols are close equivalents to the corresponding virgin polyols in terms of their structural and molar mass characteristics. Therefore, they can be used for the production of high-quality PUFs without having to adapt the synthesis process. The flexible PUFs made from recovered polyols have comparable mechanical properties to those made from virgin polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grdadolnik
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Zdovc
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Drinčić
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ozgun Can Onder
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Petra Utroša
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Susana Garcia Ramos
- Intermediates
Technical Service & Development department, Repsol Quimica S.A., Mendez Álvaro 44, CP28045 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Dominguez Ramos
- Intermediates
Technical Service & Development department, Repsol Quimica S.A., Mendez Álvaro 44, CP28045 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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3
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Gu X, Wang X, Guo X, Liu S, Lou C, Liu Y. Study on Efficient Degradation of Waste PU Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102359. [PMID: 37242933 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the high-efficiency degradation and alcoholysis recovery of waste polyurethane foam were realized using a combination of a high-efficiency alkali metal catalyst (CsOH) and two-component mixed alcoholysis agents (glycerol and butanediol) in different proportions, using recycled polyether polyol and one-step foaming to prepare regenerated thermosetting polyurethane hard foam. The foaming agent and catalyst were adjusted experimentally to prepare regenerated polyurethane foam, and a series of tests were conducted on the viscosity, GPC, hydroxyl value, infrared spectrum, foaming time, apparent density, compressive strength, and other properties of the degradation products of the regenerated thermosetting polyurethane rigid foam. The resulting data were analyzed, and the following conclusions were drawn: The optimal conditions of alcoholysis were obtained when the mass ratio of glycerol to butanediol was 3:2, the amount of cesium hydroxide was 0.08%, the reaction temperature was 170 °C, and the reaction time was 2.5 h. Regenerated polyurethane foam with an apparent density of 34.1 kg/m3 and a compressive strength of 0.301 MPa was prepared under these conditions. It had good thermal stability, complete sample pores, and a strong skeleton. At this time, these are the best reaction conditions for the alcoholysis of waste polyurethane foam, and the regenerated polyurethane foam meets various national standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Gu
- School of Energy and Building Environment, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Xiaoyao Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Siwen Liu
- College of Innovative Material & Energy, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Chunhua Lou
- School of Energy and Building Environment, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Energy and Building Environment, Guilin University of Aerospace Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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4
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Zdovc B, Grdadolnik M, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Determination of End-Group Functionality of Propylene Oxide-Based Polyether Polyols Recovered from Polyurethane Foams by Chemical Recycling. Macromolecules 2023; 56:3374-3382. [PMID: 37181246 PMCID: PMC10173687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polyurethane foams (PUFs) leads to partially aromatic, amino-functionalized polyol chains when the urethane groups in the PUF structure are incompletely degraded. Since the reactivity of amino and hydroxyl groups with isocyanate groups is significantly different, information on the type of the end-group functionality of recycled polyols is important to adjust the catalyst system accordingly to produce PUFs from recycled polyols of suitable quality. Therefore, we present here a liquid adsorption chromatography (LAC) method using a SHARC 1 column that separates polyol chains according to their end-group functionality based on their ability to form hydrogen bonds with the stationary phase. To correlate end-group functionality of recycled polyol with chain size, LAC was coupled with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to form a two-dimensional liquid chromatography system. For accurate identification of peaks in LAC chromatograms, the results were correlated with those obtained by characterization of recycled polyols using nuclear magnetic resonance, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and SEC coupled with a multi-detection system. The developed method allows the quantification of fully hydroxyl-functionalized chains in recycled polyols using an evaporative light scattering detector and appropriate calibration curve.
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5
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Cortés N, Echeverri DA, Gomez JF, Rios LA. Synthesis of a new bifunctional molecule based on castor oil and
CO
2
useful for polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cortés
- Grupo Procesos Químicos Industriales Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Medellín Colombia
| | - David A. Echeverri
- Grupo Procesos Químicos Industriales Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Medellín Colombia
| | - Jhonny F. Gomez
- Grupo Procesos Químicos Industriales Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Medellín Colombia
| | - Luis A. Rios
- Grupo Procesos Químicos Industriales Universidad de Antioquia UdeA Medellín Colombia
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6
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Grdadolnik M, Drinčić A, Oreški A, Onder OC, Utroša P, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Insight into Chemical Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Acidolysis. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:1323-1332. [PMID: 35096493 PMCID: PMC8790754 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acidolysis is emerging as a promising method for recycling polyurethane foam (PUF) waste. Here, we present highly efficient acidolysis of PUFs with adipic acid (AA) by heating the reaction mixtures with microwaves. The influence of experimental conditions, such as reaction temperature, time, and amount of the degradation reagent, on the polyol functionality, molecular weight characteristics, the presence of side products, and the degree of degradation of the remaining PUF hard segments was studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled to a multidetection system, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The purified recycled polyols were used for the synthesis of flexible PUFs. The morphology and mechanical properties of the PUFs show that the degree of functionalization of the polyol by the carboxylic end groups, which is higher for larger amounts of AA used to degrade the PUFs, significantly affects the quality and performance of the flexible PUFs from the recycled polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grdadolnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Drinčić
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Oreški
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ozgun Can Onder
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Petra Utroša
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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7
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Vadkerti B, Juhász A, Lakatos C, Zsuga M, Kéki S, Nagy L. Reactivity of multi-arm polyols towards isocyanates. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01103d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this research, the kinetics of the reaction of various polymer polyol crosslinking agents with phenyl isocyanate is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Vadkerti
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anett Juhász
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- BorsodChem Zrt., Bólyai tér 1, H-3700 Kazincbarcika, Hungary
| | - Csilla Lakatos
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklós Zsuga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kéki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lajos Nagy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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A Brief Introduction to the Polyurethanes According to the Principles of Green Chemistry. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are most often called “green” when they contain natural, renewable additives in their network or chemical structure, such as mono- and polysaccharides, oils (mainly vegetable oils), polyphenols (e.g., lignins, tannins), or various compounds derived from agro-waste white biotechnology (Principle 7). This usually results in these polyurethanes obtained from less hazardous substrates (Principle 4). Appropriate modification of polyurethanes makes them susceptible to degradation, and the use of appropriate processes allows for their recycling (Principle 10). However, this fulfilment of other principles also predisposes them to be green. As in the production of other polymer materials, the synthesis of polyurethanes is carried out with the use of catalysts (such as biocatalysts) (Principle 9) with full control of the course of the reaction (Principle 11), which allows maximization of the atomic economy (Principle 2) and an increase in energy efficiency (Principle 6) while minimizing the risk of production waste (Principle 1). Moreover, traditional substrates in the synthesis of polyurethanes can be replaced with less toxic ones (e.g., in non-isocyanate polyurethanes), which, at the same time, leads to a non-toxic product (Principle 3, Principle 5). In general, there is no need for blocking compounds to provide intermediates in the synthesis of polyurethanes (Principle 8). Reasonable storage of substrates, their transport, and the synthesis of polyurethanes guarantee the safety and the prevention of uncontrolled reactions (Principle 12). This publication is a summary of the achievements of scientists and technologists who are constantly working to create ideal polyurethanes that do not pollute the environment, and their synthesis and use are consistent with the principles of sustainable economy.
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