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You X, Liu H, Chen Y, Zhao G. Multifunctional Liposomes Co-Modified with Ginsenoside Compound K and Hyaluronic Acid for Tumor-Targeted Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:405. [PMID: 38337294 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Liposomes show promise for anti-cancer drug delivery and tumor-targeted therapy. However, complex tumor microenvironments and the performance limitations of traditional liposomes restrict clinical translation. Hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified nanoliposomes effectively target CD44-overexpressing tumor cells. Combination therapy enhances treatment efficacy and delays drug resistance. Here, we developed paclitaxel (PTX) liposomes co-modified with ginsenoside compound K (CK) and HA using film dispersion. Compared to cholesterol (Ch), CK substantially improved encapsulation efficiency and stability. In vitro release studies revealed pH-responsive behavior, with slower release at pH 7.4 versus faster release at pH 5. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that replacing Ch with CK in modified liposomes considerably decreased HCT-116 cell viability. Furthermore, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed a higher cellular uptake of PTX-CK-Lip-HA in CD44-high cells, reflected in the lower half maximal inhibitory concentrations. Overall, CK/HA-modified liposomes represent an innovative, targeted delivery system for enhanced tumor therapy via pH-triggered drug release and CD44 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan You
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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2
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Rana P, Singh C, Kaushik A, Saleem S, Kumar A. Recent advances in stimuli-responsive tailored nanogels for cancer therapy; from bench to personalized treatment. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:382-412. [PMID: 38095136 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02650g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
To improve the quality of health in a personalized manner, better control over pharmacologically relevant cargo formulation, organ-specific targeted delivery, and on-demand release of therapeutic agents is crucial. Significant work has been put into designing and developing revolutionary nanotherapeutics approaches for the effective monitoring and personalized treatment of disease. Nanogel (NG) has attracted significant interest because of its tremendous potential in cancer therapy and its environmental stimuli responsiveness. NG is considered a next-generation delivery technology due to its benefits like as size tunability, high loading, stimuli responsiveness, prolonged drug release via in situ gelling mechanisms, stability, and its potential to provide personalized therapy from the investigation of human genes and the genes in various types of cancers and its association with a selective anticancer drug. Stimuli-responsive NGs can be used as smart nanomedicines to detect and treat cancer and can be tuned as personalized medicine as well. This comprehensive review article's major objectives include the challenges of NGs' clinical translation for cancer treatment as well as its early preclinical successes and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinsy Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
- M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala-133207, Haryana, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Uttarakhand-246174, India
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBiotech Lab, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University (FPU), Lakeland, FL, 33805-8531, USA
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Shakir Saleem
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, P. O. Box 93499, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya-824209, India.
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3
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Li S, Chen J, Liu Y, Qiu H, Gao W, Che K, Zhou B, Liu R, Hu W. Characterization of garlic oil/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and application. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1308787. [PMID: 38094921 PMCID: PMC10716253 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1308787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Garlic oil is a liquid extracted from garlic that has various natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and is believed to be used to prevent and treat many diseases. However, the main functional components of garlic oil are unstable. Therefore, in this study, encapsulating garlic oil with cyclodextrin using the saturated co-precipitation method can effectively improve its chemical stability and water solubility and reduce its characteristic odor and taste. After preparation, the microcapsules of garlic oil cyclodextrin were characterized, which proved that the encapsulation was successful. Finally, the results showed that the encapsulated garlic oil still had antioxidant ability and slow-release properties. The final addition to plant-based meat gives them a delicious flavor and adds texture and mouthfeel. Provided a new reference for the flavor application of garlic cyclodextrin micro-capsules in plant-based meat patties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjian Li
- School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Zhuhai Livzon Microsphere Technology Co. Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuntong Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Honghao Qiu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kundian Che
- School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baogang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenzhong Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
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4
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Ashwani PV, Gopika G, Arun Krishna KV, Jose J, John F, George J. Stimuli-Responsive and Multifunctional Nanogels in Drug Delivery. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301009. [PMID: 37718283 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels represent promising drug delivery systems in the biomedical field, designed to overcome challenges associated with standard treatment approaches. Stimuli-responsive nanogels, often referred to as intelligent materials, have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance control over properties such as drug release and targeting. Furthermore, researchers have recently explored the application of nanogels in diverse sectors beyond biomedicine including sensing materials, catalysts, or adsorbents for environmental applications. However, to fully harness their potential as practical delivery systems, further research is required to better understand their pharmacokinetic behaviour, interactions between nanogels and bio distributions, as well as toxicities. One promising future application of stimuli-responsive multifunctional nanogels is their use as delivery agents in cancer treatment, offering an alternative to overcome the challenges with conventional approaches. This review discusses various synthetic methods employed in developing nanogels as efficient carriers for drug delivery in cancer treatment. The investigations explore, the key aspects of nanogels, including their multifunctionality and stimuli-responsive properties, as well as associated toxicity concerns. The discussions presented herein aim to provide the readers a comprehensive understanding of the potential of nanogels as smart drug delivery systems in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Ashwani
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - G Gopika
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - K V Arun Krishna
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Josena Jose
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Franklin John
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Jinu George
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Song Z, Liu Q, Fan D, Song X. Ginsenosides: a potential natural medicine to protect the lungs from lung cancer and inflammatory lung disease. Food Funct 2023; 14:9137-9166. [PMID: 37801293 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02482b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the malignancy with the highest morbidity and mortality. Additionally, pulmonary inflammatory diseases, such as pneumonia, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis (PF), also have high mortality rates and can promote the development and progression of lung cancer. Unfortunately, available treatments for them are limited, so it is critical to search for effective drugs and treatment strategies to protect the lungs. Ginsenosides, the main active components of ginseng, have been shown to have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. In this paper, we focus on the beneficial effects of ginsenosides on lung diseases and their molecular mechanisms. Firstly, the molecular mechanism of ginsenosides against lung cancer was summarized in detail, mainly from the points of view of proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance and immunity. In in vivo and in vitro lung cancer models, ginsenosides Rg3, Rh2 and CK were reported to have strong anti-lung cancer effects. Then, in the models of pneumonia and acute lung injury, the protective effect of Rb1 was particularly remarkable, followed by Rg3 and Rg1, and its molecular mechanism was mainly associated with targeting NF-κB, Nrf2, MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways to alleviate inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Additionally, ginsenosides may also have a potential health-promoting effect in the improvement of COPD, asthma and PF. Furthermore, to overcome the low bioavailability of CK and Rh2, the development of nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes and other nanomedicine delivery systems can significantly improve the efficacy of targeted lung cancer treatment. To conclude, ginsenosides can be used as both anti-lung cancer and lung protective agents or adjuvants and have great potential for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Zhimin Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Qingchao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
- Biotechnology & Biomedicine Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Zhuang Z, Huang D, Sheng ZR, Ye ZJ, Jiang H, Yuan Y, Qin B, Zhao Y, Pan HF, Tang Y. Systems biology strategy and experimental validation to uncover the pharmacological mechanism of Xihuang Pill in treating non-small cell lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154491. [PMID: 36368285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for almost 85% of lung cancer-related deaths worldwide. Xihuang Pill (XHP) is a representative anticancer Chinese patented medicine used to treat NSCLC in China. However, to date, a systematic analysis of XHP's antitumour effects and its impact on the immune microenvironment has not been performed. PURPOSE Based on the systems biology strategy and experimental validation, the present study aimed to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms involved in treating NSCLC with XHP. METHODS A subcutaneous tumour model was established to evaluate XHP's tumour-inhibitory effect in BALB/c nude mice. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analysis were conducted to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signalling pathways related to XHP treatment. Network analysis based on network pharmacology and protein-to-protein networks was applied to identify the compounds and genes targeted by XHP. External data from the TCGA-NSCLC cohort were used to verify the clinical significance of XHP-targeted genes in NSCLC. The expression of survival-related candidate genes after XHP treatment was verified via qPCR. The protein expression of calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha 1C (CACNA1C) in different NSCLC cell lines was analysed in the Human Protein Atlas database (HPA) and DepMap Portal. Using the Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumour tissues using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm and the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm uncovered the role of CACNA1C in the NSCLC tumour microenvironment (TME). RESULTS XHP (2 g/kg/d) significantly inhibited the growth of transplanted A549 tumours. RNA-seq identified a total of 529 DEGs (189 upregulated and 340 downregulated). In addition, 542 GO terms, 41 significant KEGG pathways, 9 upregulated hallmarks pathways, and 18 downregulated hallmark pathways were enriched. These GO terms and signalling pathways were closely related to cell proliferation, immunity, energy metabolism, and the inflammatory response of NSCLC. In addition, XHP's network pharmacology analysis identified 301 compounds and 1,432 target genes. A comprehensive strategic analysis identified CACNA1C as a promising gene by which XHP targets and regulates the TME of NSCLC, benefiting patient survival. CACNA1C expression was positively correlated with both the immune score and stromal score but negatively correlated with the tumour purity score. Additionally, CACNA1C expression was significantly correlated with the infiltration levels of 15 types of immune cells and the expression levels of 6 well-known checkpoint genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that by regulating the pathways associated with cell proliferation and immunity, XHP can suppress cancer cell growth in NSCLC. Additionally, XHP may increase the expression of CACNA1C to suppress immune cell infiltration and regulate the expression of checkpoint-related genes, thereby improving the overall survival of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Zhuang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Rui Sheng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeng Jie Ye
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haimei Jiang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyu Qin
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Feng Pan
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ying Tang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Hou Y, Meng X, Sun K, Zhao M, Liu X, Yang T, Zhang Z, Su R. Anti-cancer effects of ginsenoside CK on acute myeloid leukemia in vitro and in vivo. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12106. [PMID: 36544827 PMCID: PMC9761710 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disease characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid cells, and its treatment continues to be a challenge due to high morbidity and mortality. Ginsenoside compound K, a major active metabolite of the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides, exhibits biological activities in various cancer cells and animal models. Here, we investigated the role of CK in anticancer potential in AML both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods To investigate the inhibitory effects of CK in AML cells, in vitro experiments, including cell viability assays, colony forming assays, and cell cycle and apoptosis assays were performed. AML animal experiment was established and quantitative analysis of lung tumor growth nodules and spleen weight and H&E staining were carried out to further determine the effects of CK on AML. In addition, the potential key genes induced and influenced by CK during treatment was identification by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. Results CK suppressed AML cell activity and induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest based on the experiment results. Moreover, significantly down-regulated expression genes of BCL2, KIT, DNMT3A, MYC and CSF-1 and up-regulated expression gene of TET2 in CK treatment AML cells were discovered. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that CK could be used as an anti-AML drug with significant therapeutic efficacy and good biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Hou
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130017, China
| | - Xiangru Meng
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130017, China
| | - Kaiju Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130017, China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130017, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130017, China
| | - Tongtong Yang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130017, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130017, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rui Su
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130017, China
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Quesada-Pérez M, Pérez-Mas L, Carrizo-Tejero D, Maroto-Centeno JA, Ramos-Tejada MDM, Martín-Molina A. Coarse-Grained Simulations of Release of Drugs Housed in Flexible Nanogels: New Insights into Kinetic Parameters. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4760. [PMID: 36365754 PMCID: PMC9656477 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The diffusion-controlled release of drugs housed in flexible nanogels has been simulated with the help of a coarse-grained model that explicitly considers polymer chains. In these in silico experiments, the effect of its flexibility is assessed by comparing it with data obtained for a rigid nanogel with the same volume fraction and topology. Our results show that the initial distribution of the drug can exert a great influence on the release kinetics. This work also reveals that certain surface phenomena driven by steric interactions can lead to apparently counterintuitive behaviors. Such phenomena are not usually included in many theoretical treatments used for the analysis of experimental release kinetics. Therefore, one should be very careful in drawing conclusions from these formalisms. In fact, our results suggest that the interpretation of drug release curves in terms of kinetic exponents (obtained from the Ritger-Peppas Equation) is a tricky question. However, such curves can provide a first estimate of the drug diffusion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Quesada-Pérez
- Departamento de Física, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Linares, Universidad de Jaén, Linares, 23700 Jaén, Spain
| | - Luis Pérez-Mas
- Departamento de Física, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Linares, Universidad de Jaén, Linares, 23700 Jaén, Spain
| | - David Carrizo-Tejero
- Departamento de Física, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Linares, Universidad de Jaén, Linares, 23700 Jaén, Spain
| | - José-Alberto Maroto-Centeno
- Departamento de Física, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Linares, Universidad de Jaén, Linares, 23700 Jaén, Spain
| | - María del Mar Ramos-Tejada
- Departamento de Física, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Linares, Universidad de Jaén, Linares, 23700 Jaén, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín-Molina
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Murugesan M, Mathiyalagan R, Boopathi V, Kong BM, Choi SK, Lee CS, Yang DC, Kang SC, Thambi T. Production of Minor Ginsenoside CK from Major Ginsenosides by Biotransformation and Its Advances in Targeted Delivery to Tumor Tissues Using Nanoformulations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193427. [PMID: 36234555 PMCID: PMC9565578 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
For over 2000 years, ginseng (roots of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine. Ginsenosides are bioactive compounds present in ginseng responsible for the pharmacological effects and curing various acute diseases as well as chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. Structurally, ginsenosides consist of a hydrophobic aglycone moiety fused with one to four hydrophilic glycoside moieties. Based on the position of sugar units and their abundance, ginsenosides are classified into major and minor ginsenosides. Despite the great potential of ginsenosides, major ginsenosides are poorly absorbed in the blood circulation, resulting in poor bioavailability. Interestingly, owing to their small molecular weight, minor ginsenosides exhibit good permeability across cell membranes and bioavailability. However, extremely small quantities of minor ginsenosides extracted from ginseng plants cannot fulfill the requirement of scientific and clinical studies. Therefore, the production of minor ginsenosides in mass production is a topic of interest. In addition, their poor solubility and lack of targetability to tumor tissues limits their application in cancer therapy. In this review, various methods used for the transformation of major ginsenosides to minor ginsenoside compound K (CK) are summarized. For the production of CK, various transformation methods apply to major ginsenosides. The challenges present in these transformations and future research directions for producing bulk quantities of minor ginsenosides are discussed. Furthermore, attention is also paid to the utilization of nanoformulation technology to improve the bioavailability of minor ginsenoside CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanapriya Murugesan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Vinothini Boopathi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Byoung Man Kong
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sung-Keun Choi
- Daedong Korea Ginseng Co., Ltd., 86, Gunbuk-ro, Gunbuk-myeon, Geumsan-gun 32718, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Chang-Soon Lee
- Daedong Korea Ginseng Co., Ltd., 86, Gunbuk-ro, Gunbuk-myeon, Geumsan-gun 32718, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.C.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Thavasyappan Thambi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.C.K.); (T.T.)
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10
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Attama AA, Nnamani PO, Onokala OB, Ugwu AA, Onugwu AL. Nanogels as target drug delivery systems in cancer therapy: A review of the last decade. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:874510. [PMID: 36160424 PMCID: PMC9493206 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.874510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, irrespective of the level of human development. Globally, it was estimated that there were 19.3 million new cases of cancer and almost 10 million deaths from cancer in 2020. The importance of prevention, early detection as well as effective cancer therapies cannot be over-emphasized. One of the important strategies in cancer therapy is targeted drug delivery to the specific tumor sites. Nanogels are among the several drug delivery systems (DDS) being explored as potential candidates for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. Nanogels, which are new generation, versatile DDS with the possession of dual characteristics of hydrogels and nanoparticles have shown great potential as targeted DDS in cancer therapy. Nanogels are hydrogels with a three-dimensional (3D) tunable porous structure and a particle size in the nanometre range, from 20 to 200 nm. They have been visualized as ideal DDS with enormous drug loading capacity, and high stability. Nanogels can be modified to achieve active targeting and enhance drug accumulation in disease sites. They can be designed to be stimulus-responsive, and react to internal or external stimuli such as pH, temperature, light, redox, thus resulting in the controlled release of loaded drug. This prevents drug accumulation in non-target tissues and minimizes the side effects of the drug. Drugs with severe adverse effects, short circulation half-life, and easy degradability by enzymes, such as anti-cancer drugs, and proteins, are suitable for delivery by chemically cross-linked or physically assembled nanogel systems. This systematic review summarizes the evolution of nanogels for targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy over the last decade. On-going clinical trials and recent applications of nanogels as targeted DDS for cancer therapy will be discussed in detail. The review will be concluded with discussions on safety and regulatory considerations as well as future research prospects of nanogel-targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Attama
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Public Health and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Institute for Drug-Herbal Medicines-Excipients Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Anthony A. Attama, ; Petra O. Nnamani,
| | - Petra O. Nnamani
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Public Health and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Anthony A. Attama, ; Petra O. Nnamani,
| | - Ozioma B. Onokala
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Agatha A. Ugwu
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Public Health and Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze L. Onugwu
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
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pH-responsive magnolol nanocapsule-embedded magnolol-grafted-chitosan hydrochloride hydrogels for promoting wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Topuz F, Uyar T. Advances in the development of cyclodextrin-based nanogels/microgels for biomedical applications: Drug delivery and beyond. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120033. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat Model. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050253. [PMID: 35621551 PMCID: PMC9141762 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apremilast (APL) has profound anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity, alongside other dermal care. This study aims to develop APL-loaded NEs (ANE1-ANE5) using eucalyptus oil (EO) as the oil and Tween-80 and transcutol-HP (THP) as a surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. The prepared NEs were then evaluated based on mean droplet size (12.63 ± 1.2 nm), PDI (0.269 ± 0.012), ZP (−23.00 ± 5.86), RI (1.315 ± 0.02), and %T (99.89 ± 0.38) and ANE4 was optimized. Further, optimized NEs (ANE4) were incorporated into chitosan gel (2%, w/v). The developed ANE4-loaded chitosan gel was then evaluated for pH, spreadability, in vitro diffusion, and wound healing and anti-inflammatory studies. Moreover, in vivo studies denoted improved anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity and represented a decrease in wound size percentage (99.68 ± 0.345%) for the APNE2 gel test compared to a negative control (86.48 ± 0.87%) and standard control (92.82 ± 0.34%). Thus, the formulation of ANE4-loaded chitosan gels is an efficient topical treatment strategy for inflammatory and wound healing conditions.
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