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Tawonsawatruk T, Panaksri A, Hemstapat R, Praenet P, Rattanapinyopituk K, Boonyagul S, Tanadchangsaeng N. Fabrication and biological properties of artificial tendon composite from medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20973. [PMID: 38017019 PMCID: PMC10684518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate (MCL-PHA), a biodegradable and biocompatible material, has a mechanical characteristic of hyper-elasticity, comparable to elastomeric material with similar properties to human tendon flexibility. These MCL-PHA properties gave rise to applying this material as an artificial tendon or ligament implant. In this study, the material was solution-casted in cylinder and rectangular shapes in the molds with the designated small holes. A portion of the torn human tendon was threaded into the holes as a suture to generate a composite tendon graft. The tensile testing of the three types of MCL-PHA/tendon composite shows that the cylinder material shape with the zigzag threaded three holes has the highest value of maximum tensile strength at 56 MPa, closing to the ultimate tendon tensile stress (50-100 MPa). Fibroblast cells collected from patients were employed as primary tendon cells for growing to attach to the surface of the MCL-PHA material to prove the concept of the composite tendon graft. The cells could attach and proliferate with substantial viability and generate collagen, leading to chondrogenic induction of tendon cells. An in vivo biocompatibility was also conducted in a rat subcutaneous model in comparison with medical-grade silicone. The MCL-PHA material was found to be biocompatible with the surrounding tissues. For surgical application, after the MCL-PHA material is decomposed, tendon cells should develop into an attached tendon and co-generated as a tendon graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anuchan Panaksri
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Rangsit University, Lak Hok, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Ruedee Hemstapat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Passavee Praenet
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Rangsit University, Lak Hok, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Kasem Rattanapinyopituk
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sani Boonyagul
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Rangsit University, Lak Hok, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Improving Chitosan Hydrogels Printability: A Comprehensive Study on Printing Scaffolds for Customized Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020973. [PMID: 36674489 PMCID: PMC9865046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is an interesting polymer to produce hydrogels suitable for the 3D printing of customized drug delivery systems. This study aimed at the achievement of chitosan-based scaffolds suitable for the incorporation of active components in the matrix or loaded into the pores. Several scaffolds were printed using different chitosan-based hydrogels. To understand which parameters would have a greater impact on printability, an optimization study was conducted. The scaffolds with the highest printability were obtained with a chitosan hydrogel at 2.5 wt%, a flow speed of 0.15 mm/s and a layer height of 0.41 mm. To improve the chitosan hydrogel printability, starch was added, and a design of experiments with three factors and two responses was carried out to find out the optimal starch supplementation. It was possible to conclude that the addition of starch (13 wt%) to the chitosan hydrogel improved the structural characteristics of the chitosan-based scaffolds. These scaffolds showed potential to be tested in the future as drug-delivery systems.
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Novel Production Methods of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Their Innovative Uses in Biomedicine and Industry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238351. [PMID: 36500442 PMCID: PMC9740486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a biodegradable polymer obtained from microorganisms and plants, have been widely used in biomedical applications and devices, such as sutures, cardiac valves, bone scaffold, and drug delivery of compounds with pharmaceutical interests, as well as in food packaging. This review focuses on the use of polyhydroxyalkanoates beyond the most common uses, aiming to inform about the potential uses of the biopolymer as a biosensor, cosmetics, drug delivery, flame retardancy, and electrospinning, among other interesting uses. The novel applications are based on the production and composition of the polymer, which can be modified by genetic engineering, a semi-synthetic approach, by changing feeding carbon sources and/or supplement addition, among others. The future of PHA is promising, and despite its production costs being higher than petroleum-based plastics, tools given by synthetic biology, bioinformatics, and machine learning, among others, have allowed for great production yields, monomer and polymer functionalization, stability, and versatility, a key feature to increase the uses of this interesting family of polymers.
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Ye X, Zhang Y, Liu T, Chen Z, Chen W, Wu Z, Wang Y, Li J, Li C, Jiang T, Zhang Y, Wu H, Xu X. Beta-tricalcium phosphate enhanced mechanical and biological properties of 3D-printed polyhydroxyalkanoates scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1553-1561. [PMID: 35439474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is a naturally degradable polyester with good biocompatibility. However, several disadvantages including poor bioactivity and mechanical properties limit the biomedical application of PHA. To circumvent these drawbacks, PHA needs to be blended with other materials to improve performance. Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) has emerged as one of the most promising bone repair materials due to its good biocompatibility, satisfactory mechanical properties, and excellent bone osteoconductivity. In this study, PHA filled with β-TCP in 0 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt% of concentrations were produced using a twin-screw extruder. The extruded 3D filaments made with 20% β-TCP exhibited the maximum mechanical properties to manufacture 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. We then prepared the 3D-printed PHA/β-TCP scaffolds by using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The compressive strength and the shore hardness of the PHA/20%β-TCP scaffold were 36.7 MPa and 81.1 HD. The produced scaffolds presented compressive strength compatible with natural bone. In addition, the scaffolds with a well-controlled design of pore shape and size provided sufficient space for cellular activity. In vitro studies demonstrated that the addition of β-TCP could significantly improve the proliferation, adhesion, and migration of MC3T3-E1 cells in the PHA/β-TCP scaffold. Moreover, the osteogenesis-related genes expression of the PHA/β-TCP scaffold was enhanced compared to the PHA scaffolds. Therefore, the 3D-printed PHA/β-TCP scaffold represents an effective strategy to promote mechanical and biological properties, showing huge potential for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Ye
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China
| | - Zehua Chen
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, PR China
| | - Weijian Chen
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, PR China
| | - Zugui Wu
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, PR China
| | - Junyi Li
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, PR China
| | - Congcong Li
- The Fifth Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of orthopedics, Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, PR China; Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Hospital of Orthopedics, Southern Theater General Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, PR China.
| | - Huai Wu
- Department of orthopedics, Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, PR China.
| | - Xuemeng Xu
- Department of orthopedics, Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, PR China.
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