1
|
St’ahel P, Mazánková V, Prokeš L, Buršíková V, Stupavská M, Lehocký M, Pištěková H, Ozaltin K, Trunec D. Comparison of Plasma-Polymerized Thin Films Deposited from 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline and 2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline: I Film Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17455. [PMID: 38139283 PMCID: PMC10743558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazoline) is a promising new class of polymeric materials due to their antibiofouling properties and good biocompatibility. Poly(2-oxazoline) coatings can be deposited on different substrates via plasma polymerization, which can be more advantageous than other coating methods. The aim of this study is to deposit poly(2-oxazoline) coatings using a surface dielectric barrier discharge burning in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure using 2-methyl-2-oxazoline and 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline vapours as monomers and compare the film properties. For the comparison, the antibacterial and cytocompatibility tests were peformed according to ISO norms. The antibacterial tests showed that all the deposited films were highly active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The chemical composition of the films was studied using FTIR and XPS, and the film surface's properties were studied using AFM and surface energy measurement. The cytocompatibility tests showed good cytocompatibility of all the deposited films. However, the films deposited from 2-methyl-2-oxazoline exhibit better cytocompatibility. This difference can be explained by the different chemical compositions and surface morphologies of the films deposited from different monomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel St’ahel
- Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Věra Mazánková
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence in Brno, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Vilma Buršíková
- Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Monika Stupavská
- Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Marián Lehocký
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic (H.P.); (K.O.)
| | - Hana Pištěková
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic (H.P.); (K.O.)
| | - Kadir Ozaltin
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic (H.P.); (K.O.)
| | - David Trunec
- Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sheikh MS, Sarder MJ, Bhuiyan A, Rahman MJ. Structural and optical behaviours of methyl acrylate-vinyl acetate composite thin films synthesized under dynamic low-pressure plasma. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18524. [PMID: 37520999 PMCID: PMC10374916 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-pressure (33.33 Pa) plasma polymerized methyl acrylate and vinyl acetate composite thin films with various monomer compositions were deposited onto glass substrates. Under the same plasma conditions, the homopolymer thin films were also prepared. The thickness of the composite films was observed to vary between 117 and 213 nm depending on the monomer ratio. The composite films exhibit a smooth, pinhole-free, and immaculate surface morphology, surpassing that of the homopolymers. The energy dispersive x-ray study shows that the films contain mainly carbon and oxygen with 26.09-37.20 at% and 35.03 - 40.10 at%, respectively. The composite films contain more carbon contents which enhance the film stability. The appearance of some broad absorption bands in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates structural changes in the PP films caused by the restructuring or dilapidation of monomer molecules while forming the polymer. The UV-visible spectra analysis reveal that the composite films exhibited a tunable optical band gap by adjusting the monomer ratio. The decrease of methyl acrylate monomer reduces the direct and indirect optical band-gap values of composite films from 3.15 to 3.00 eV and 2.35 to 1.74 eV, respectively. While Urbach energy values increases from 0.33 eV to 0.90 eV. All the films showed good transmittance properties (86 - 96%) in the visible range wavelength (550 - 800 nm). Other optical parameters are also found better in composite films which indicates the aptness of the composite films in various optoelectronic or electronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Saddam Sheikh
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Juel Sarder
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - A.H. Bhuiyan
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
- University of Information Technology and Sciences, Baridhara, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jellur Rahman
- Department of Physics, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim HT, Jung CM, Kim SH, Lee SY. Review of Plasma Processing for Polymers and Bio-Materials Using a Commercial Frequency (50/60 Hz)-Generated Discharge. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2850. [PMID: 37447496 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript introduces the properties and diverse applications of plasma generated using commercial frequencies of 50/60 Hz. Commercial frequency (CF) derived plasma exhibits characteristics similar to DC discharge but with an electrical polarity and a non-continuous discharge. Due to the low-frequency nature, the reactor configurations usually are capacitively coupled plasma type. The advantages of this method include its simple power structure, low-reaction temperature, and low substrate damage. The electrical polarity can prevent charge buildup on the substrates and deposited films, thereby reducing substrate damage. The simple, low-cost, and easy-to-operate power structure makes it suitable for laboratory-scale usage. Additionally, the various applications, including plasma-enhanced vapor deposition, sputtering, dielectric barrier discharge, and surface modification, and their outcomes in the CF-derived plasma processes are summarized. The conclusion drawn is that the CF-derived plasma process is useful for laboratory-scale utilization due to its simplicity, and the results of the plasma process are also outstanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Tak Kim
- Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Min Jung
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Youp Lee
- Department of Physics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Egghe T, Morent R, Hoogenboom R, De Geyter N. Substrate-independent and widely applicable deposition of antibacterial coatings. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:63-76. [PMID: 35863949 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial coatings are regarded as a necessary tool to prevent implant-related infections. Substrate-independent and widely applicable coating techniques are gaining significant interest to synthesize different types of antibacterial films, which can be relevant from a fundamental and application-oriented perspective. Plasma polymer- and polydopamine-based antibacterial coatings represent the most widely studied and versatile approaches among these coating techniques. Both single- and dual-functional antibacterial coatings can be fabricated with these approaches and a variety of dual-functional antibacterial coating strategies can still be explored in future work. These coatings can potentially be used for a wide range of different implants (material, shape, and size). However, for most implants, significantly more fundamental knowledge needs to be gained before these coatings can find real-life use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Egghe
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rino Morent
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bauer M, Duerkop A, Baeumner AJ. Critical review of polymer and hydrogel deposition methods for optical and electrochemical bioanalytical sensors correlated to the sensor's applicability in real samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:83-95. [PMID: 36280625 PMCID: PMC9816278 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sensors, ranging from in vivo through to single-use systems, employ protective membranes or hydrogels to enhance sample collection or serve as filters, to immobilize or entrap probes or receptors, or to stabilize and enhance a sensor's lifetime. Furthermore, many applications demand specific requirements such as biocompatibility and non-fouling properties for in vivo applications, or fast and inexpensive mass production capabilities for single-use sensors. We critically evaluated how membrane materials and their deposition methods impact optical and electrochemical systems with special focus on analytical figures of merit and potential toward large-scale production. With some chosen examples, we highlight the fact that often a sensor's performance relies heavily on the deposition method, even though other methods or materials could in fact improve the sensor. Over the course of the last 5 years, most sensing applications within healthcare diagnostics included glucose, lactate, uric acid, O2, H+ ions, and many specific metabolites and markers. In the case of food safety and environmental monitoring, the choice of analytes was much more comprehensive regarding a variety of natural and synthetic toxicants like bacteria, pesticides, or pollutants and other relevant substances. We conclude that more attention must be paid toward deposition techniques as these may in the end become a major hurdle in a sensor's likelihood of moving from an academic lab into a real-world product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Bauer
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Axel Duerkop
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Strategies for Improved Wettability of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Polymers by Non-Equilibrium Plasma Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235319. [PMID: 36501716 PMCID: PMC9739015 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is the material of choice in several applications ranging from the automotive industry to medicine, but the surface properties are usually not adequate. A standard method for tailoring surface properties is the application of gaseous plasma. The surface finish depends enormously on the processing parameters. This article presents a review of strategies adapted for improved wettability and adhesion of PEEK. The kinetics of positively charged ions, neutral reactive plasma species, and vacuum ultraviolet radiation on the surface finish are analyzed, and synergies are stressed where appropriate. The reviewed articles are critically assessed regarding the plasma and surface kinetics, and the surface mechanisms are illustrated. The directions for obtaining optimal surface finish are provided together with the scientific explanation of the limitations of various approaches. Super-hydrophilic surface finish is achievable by treatment with a large dose of vacuum ultraviolet radiation in the presence of oxidizing gas. Bombardment with positively charged ions of kinetic energy between about 100 and 1000 eV also enable high wettability, but one should be aware of excessive heating when using the ions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bae GT, Jang HJ, Jung EY, Lee YR, Park CS, Kim JY, Tae HS. Development of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Device Using Four-Bore Tubing and Its Applications of In-Liquid Material Decomposition and Solution Plasma Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224917. [PMID: 36433044 PMCID: PMC9696552 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) device made of four-bore tubing operable in inhospitable humid environments and introduce two potential applications of liquid material processing: decomposition of aqueous phosphorus compounds and solution-plasma polymerization. A four-bore tube was used as the plasma transfer conduit and two diagonal bores contained metal wires. In the proposed APPJ device, the metal wires serving as electrodes are completely enclosed inside the holes of the multi-bore glass tube. This feature allows the APPJ device to operate both safely and reliably in humid environments or even underwater. Thus, we demonstrate that the proposed electrode-embedded APPJ device can effectively decompose aqueous phosphorus compounds into their phosphate form by directly processing the solution sample. As another application of the proposed APPJ device, we also present the successful synthesis of polypyrrole nanoparticles by solution plasma polymerization in liquid pyrrole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Tae Bae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jun Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- The Institute of Electronic Technology, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rin Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Milligan University, Johnson City, TN 37682, USA
| | - Jae Young Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.Y.K.); (H.-S.T.); Tel.: +82-53-950-6563 (H.-S.T.)
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.Y.K.); (H.-S.T.); Tel.: +82-53-950-6563 (H.-S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Classification, Synthetic, and Characterization Approaches to Nanoparticles, and Their Applications in Various Fields of Nanotechnology: A Review. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles typically have dimensions of less than 100 nm. Scientists around the world have recently become interested in nanotechnology because of its potential applications in a wide range of fields, including catalysis, gas sensing, renewable energy, electronics, medicine, diagnostics, medication delivery, cosmetics, the construction industry, and the food industry. The sizes and forms of nanoparticles (NPs) are the primary determinants of their properties. Nanoparticles’ unique characteristics may be explored for use in electronics (transistors, LEDs, reusable catalysts), energy (oil recovery), medicine (imaging, tumor detection, drug administration), and more. For the aforementioned applications, the synthesis of nanoparticles with an appropriate size, structure, monodispersity, and morphology is essential. New procedures have been developed in nanotechnology that are safe for the environment and can be used to reliably create nanoparticles and nanomaterials. This research aims to illustrate top-down and bottom-up strategies for nanomaterial production, and numerous characterization methodologies, nanoparticle features, and sector-specific applications of nanotechnology.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mohammed RS, Aadim KA, Ahmed KA. Estimation of in vivo toxicity of MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles synthesized by eco-friendly non-thermal plasma technology. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022; 12:3783-3795. [PMID: 36120604 PMCID: PMC9469819 DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles were synthesized using the atmosphere plasma jets technique. The physical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by a series of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD and EDS analyses confirmed the purity of the nanoparticles synthesized with an average nanoparticle crystallite size of 36 nm. TEM confirmed the successful synthesis of spindle-shaped MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles with an average size of 70 nm. To evaluate their toxicity, the MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles were tested in vivo. Twenty-five albino female rats were randomly divided into five groups (five rats in each group); one was used as the control group and the other four as the experimental groups. Doses of the MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles solution were orally administered to the test groups to examine the toxicity. For 30 consecutive days, each rat in test groups 2–5 received 1 mL of the MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles solution at the respective doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg L−1. The rats’ growth, hematology, thyroid gland function, and histopathology were examined after 30 days. Findings indicate that the growth retardation in the rats treated with MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles may be due to their infection by Hyperthyroidism. The hematology results show the nonsignificant effect of MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles on white blood cells, implying that these nanoparticles have no harmful impact on the immune system. Moreover, the levels of the thyroxine and thyroid‐stimulating hormones increased, and that of the triiodothyronine hormone decreased. The histological analysis results show that low concentrations of MgO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles are safe for desired biomedical applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Surface modification of polyimide films towards very low contact angles. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Milky B, Zabolocki M, Al-Bataineh SA, van den Hurk M, Greenberg Z, Turner L, Mazzachi P, Williams A, Illeperuma I, Adams R, Stringer BW, Ormsby R, Poonnoose S, Smith LE, Krasowska M, Whittle JD, Simula A, Bardy C. Long-term adherence of human brain cells in vitro is enhanced by charged amine-based plasma polymer coatings. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:489-506. [PMID: 35180396 PMCID: PMC9039832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cellular reprogramming have radically increased the use of patient-derived cells for neurological research in vitro. However, adherence of human neurons on tissue cultureware is unreliable over the extended periods required for electrophysiological maturation. Adherence issues are particularly prominent for transferable glass coverslips, hindering imaging and electrophysiological assays. Here, we assessed thin-film plasma polymer treatments, polymeric factors, and extracellular matrix coatings for extending the adherence of human neuronal cultures on glass. We find that positive-charged, amine-based plasma polymers improve the adherence of a range of human brain cells. Diaminopropane (DAP) treatment with laminin-based coating optimally supports long-term maturation of fundamental ion channel properties and synaptic activity of human neurons. As proof of concept, we demonstrated that DAP-treated glass is ideal for live imaging, patch-clamping, and optogenetics. A DAP-treated glass surface reduces the technical variability of human neuronal models and enhances electrophysiological maturation, allowing more reliable discoveries of treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders. DAP-coated glass optimally supports long-term adhesion of human brain cells in vitro DAP-coated glass coverslips or plates are optimal for patch-clamping, live imaging, and optogenetic applications in vitro DAP coating combined with laminin reduces experimental loss due to cell detachment in long-term in vitro studies
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Milky
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Zabolocki
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sameer A Al-Bataineh
- TekCyte Limited, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CTM CRC), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark van den Hurk
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zarina Greenberg
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lucy Turner
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paris Mazzachi
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amber Williams
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Imanthi Illeperuma
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert Adams
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Brett W Stringer
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ormsby
- Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Santosh Poonnoose
- Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Louise E Smith
- TekCyte Limited, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CTM CRC), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marta Krasowska
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Jason D Whittle
- University of South Australia STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CTM CRC), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Antonio Simula
- TekCyte Limited, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CTM CRC), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cedric Bardy
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim JY, Jang HJ, Bae GT, Park CS, Jung EY, Tae HS. Improvement of Nanostructured Polythiophene Film Uniformity Using a Cruciform Electrode and Substrate Rotation in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:32. [PMID: 35009982 PMCID: PMC8746814 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma polymerization, increasing the effective volume of the plasma medium by expanding the plasma-generating region within the plasma reactor is considered a simple method to create regular and uniform polymer films. Here, we propose a newly designed AP plasma reactor with a cruciform wire electrode that can expand the discharge volume. Based on the plasma vessel configuration, which consists of a wide tube and a substrate stand, two tungsten wires crossed at 90 degrees are used as a common powered electrode in consideration of two-dimensional spatial expansion. In the wire electrode, which is partially covered by a glass capillary, discharge occurs at the boundary where the capillary terminates, so that the discharge region is divided into fourths along the cruciform electrode and the discharge volume can successfully expand. It is confirmed that although a discharge imbalance in the four regions of the AP plasma reactor can adversely affect the uniformity of the polymerized, nanostructured polymer film, rotating the substrate using a turntable can significantly improve the film uniformity. With this AP plasma reactor, nanostructured polythiophene (PTh) films are synthesized and the morphology and chemical properties of the PTh nanostructure, as well as the PTh-film uniformity and electrical properties, are investigated in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Hyo Jun Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Gyu Tae Bae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (H.J.J.); (G.T.B.)
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Potential Application of Pin-to-Liquid Dielectric Barrier Discharge Structure in Decomposing Aqueous Phosphorus Compounds for Monitoring Water Quality. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247559. [PMID: 34947158 PMCID: PMC8706503 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we proposed a pin-to-liquid dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) structure that used a water-containing vessel body as a dielectric barrier for the stable and effective treatment of aqueous solutions in an open atmosphere. To obtain an intense pin-to-liquid alternating current discharge using a dielectric barrier, discharge characteristics, including the area and shape of a ground-plate-type electrode, were investigated after filling the vessel with equivalent amounts of water. Consequently, as the area of the ground electrode increased, the discharge current became stronger, and its timing became faster. Moreover, we proposed that the pin-to-liquid DBD reactor could be used to decompose phosphorus compounds in water in the form of phosphate as a promising pretreatment method for monitoring total phosphorus in water. The decomposition of phosphorus compounds using the pin-to-liquid DBD reactor demonstrated excellent performance—comparable to the thermochemical pretreatment method—which could be a standard pretreatment method for decomposing phosphorus compounds in water.
Collapse
|
14
|
Low-Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Processes for the Deposition of Nanocomposite Coatings. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-temperature atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma technologies have recently proven to offer a range of interesting opportunities for the preparation of a variety of nanocomposite (NC) coatings with different chemical compositions, structures, and morphologies. Since the late 2000s, numerous strategies have been implemented for the deposition of this intriguing class of coatings by using both direct and remote AP plasma sources. Interestingly, considerable progress has been made in the development of aerosol-assisted deposition processes in which the use of either precursor solutions or nanoparticle dispersions in aerosol form allows greatly widening the range of constituents that can be combined in the plasma-deposited NC films. This review summarizes the research published on this topic so far and, specifically, aims to present a concise survey of the developed plasma processes, with particular focus on their optimization as well as on the structural and functional properties of the NC coatings to which they provide access. Current challenges and opportunities are also briefly discussed to give an outlook on possible future research directions.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sensitivity Enhancement in Plasma Polymer Films for Surface Acoustic Wave Based Sensor Applications. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasma polymer films (PPF), widely used as sensing layers in surface acoustic wave (SAW) based gas and liquid phase sensors, have a major drawback: high concentrations of the sensed analytes easily drive these films into saturation, where accurate measurements are no longer possible. This work suggests a solution to this problem by modifying the PPF with the sensed chemical compound to improve the overall sorption properties and sensor dynamic range. Thin polymer films were synthesized from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and triethylsilane (TES) monomers in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process using a RF plasma reactor. We used these Si-containing compounds because they are known for their excellent sensing properties. In this work, the layers were deposited onto the active surface of high-Q 438 MHz Rayleigh SAW two-port resonators, used as mass sensitive sensor elements. We call these devices quartz surface microbalances (QSM). In a second step, ammonia plasma modification was applied to the HMDSO and TES films, in order to achieve a higher sensitivity to NH3. The sensors were probed at different NH3 gas concentrations in a computer controlled gas probing setup. A comparison with unmodified films revealed a 74% to 85% improvement in both the sensitivity and sorption ability of the HMDSO sensing layers, and of about 8% for the TES films.
Collapse
|
16
|
Improvement of the Uniformity and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Nanocomposite Film by Addition of Auxiliary Gases during Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092315. [PMID: 34578629 PMCID: PMC8470507 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The morphological and chemical properties of polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite films after adding small amounts of auxiliary gases such as argon, nitrogen, and oxygen during atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma polymerization are investigated in detail. A separate gas-supply line for applying an auxiliary gas is added to the AP plasma polymerization system to avoid plasma instability due to the addition of auxiliary gas during polymerization. A small amount of neutral gas species in the plasma medium can reduce the reactivity of monomers hyperactivated by high plasma energy and prevent excessive crosslinking, thereby obtaining a uniform and regular PANI nanocomposite film. The addition of small amounts of argon or nitrogen during polymerization significantly improves the uniformity and regularity of PANI nanocomposite films, whereas the addition of oxygen weakens them. In particular, the PANI film synthesized by adding a small amount of nitrogen has the best initial electrical resistance and resistance changing behavior with time after the ex situ iodine (I2)-doping process compared with other auxiliary gases. In addition, it is experimentally demonstrated that the electrical conductivity of the ex situ I2-doped PANI film can be preserved for a long time by isolating it from the atmosphere.
Collapse
|
17
|
Grant DS, Ahmed J, Whittle JD, Michelmore A, Vasilev K, Bazaka K, Jacob MV. Comparative Study of Natural Terpenoid Precursors in Reactive Plasmas for Thin Film Deposition. Molecules 2021; 26:4762. [PMID: 34443354 PMCID: PMC8402203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
If plasma polymer thin films are to be synthesised from sustainable and natural precursors of chemically heterogeneous composition, it is important to understand the extent to which this composition influences the mechanism of polymerisation. To this end, a well-studied monoterpene alcohol, terpinen-4-ol, has been targeted for a comparative study with the naturally occurring mix of terpenes (viz. Melaleuca alternifolia oil) from which it is commonly distilled. Positive ion mode mass spectra of both terpinen-4-ol and M. alternifolia oil showed a decrease in disparities between the type and abundance of cationic species formed in their respective plasma environments as applied plasma power was increased. Supplementary biological assay revealed the antibacterial action of both terpinen-4-ol and M. alternifolia derived coatings with respect to S. aureus bacteria, whilst cytocompatibility was demonstrated by comparable eukaryotic cell adhesion to both coatings. Elucidating the processes occurring within the reactive plasmas can enhance the economics of plasma polymer deposition by permitting use of the minimum power, time and precursor pre-processing required to control the extent of monomer fragmentation and fabricate a film of the desired thickness and functionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Grant
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (D.S.G.); (J.A.); (K.B.)
| | - Jakaria Ahmed
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (D.S.G.); (J.A.); (K.B.)
| | - Jason D. Whittle
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; (J.D.W.); (A.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Andrew Michelmore
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; (J.D.W.); (A.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; (J.D.W.); (A.M.); (K.V.)
| | - Kateryna Bazaka
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (D.S.G.); (J.A.); (K.B.)
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Mohan V. Jacob
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; (D.S.G.); (J.A.); (K.B.)
| |
Collapse
|