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Liu M, Imiete IE, Staropoli M, Steiner P, Duez B, Lenoble D, Scolan E, Thomann JS. Hydrophobized MFC as Reinforcing Additive in Industrial Silica/SBR Tire Tread Compound. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3937. [PMID: 37835985 PMCID: PMC10574928 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Silica is used as reinforcing filler in the tire industry. Owing to the intensive process of silica production and its high density, substitution with lightweight bio-based micro fibrillated cellulose (MFC) is expected to provide lightweight, sustainable, and highly reinforced tire composite. MFC was modified with oleoyl chloride, and the degree of substitution (DS) was maintained between 0.2 and 0.9. Subsequently, the morphology and crystallinity of the modified MFC were studied and found to be significantly dependent on the DS. The advantages associated with the use of the modified MFC in synergy with silica for the reinforcement of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposite was investigated in comparison with silica/SBR compound. The structural changes occasioned by the DS values influenced the processability, curing kinetics, modulus-rolling resistance tradeoff, and tensile properties of the resultant rubber compounds. We found that the compound made with modified MFC at a DS of 0.67 (MFC16) resulted to the highest reinforcement, with a 350% increase in storage modulus, 180% increase in Young`s modulus, and 15% increase in tensile strength compared to the referenced silica-filled compounds. Our studies show that MFC in combination with silica can be used to reinforce SBR compound for tire tread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
| | - Iikpoemugh Elo Imiete
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
| | - Mariapaola Staropoli
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg (GIC*L), Avenue Gordon Smith, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Benoît Duez
- Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg (GIC*L), Avenue Gordon Smith, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Damien Lenoble
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Scolan
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
| | - Jean-Sébastien Thomann
- Material Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (M.L.)
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Jeon YJ, Yun JH, Kang MS. Analysis of Elastic Properties of Al/PET Isotropic Composite Materials Using Finite Element Method. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8007. [PMID: 36431493 PMCID: PMC9697667 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study uses the finite element method and numerical analysis to develop an eco-friendly composite material with shielding capabilities. A preliminary study was performed to predict the mechanical properties of the composite material. Polyethylene terephthalate and aluminum powder (AP) were selected as the matrix and enhancer, respectively. The particles of AP are spherical, with a diameter of 1 μm. Material properties were investigated as the AP volume fraction (VF) increased from 5-70%. The FEM results show that the physical properties for AP VFs improve by up to 40%, but there is no significant change in the elastic modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio at an AP VF of 50-70%. However, the numerical analysis models show that the elastic properties for AP VFs improve by up to 70%. The mechanical properties improved as the VF increased, and the FEM predicted values were reliable for VFs up to 40%. However, it was confirmed that 40% is the limit of AP VF in the FEM. In addition, the FEM and numerical analysis predictions showed that the most similar numerical analysis model was the Halpin-Tsai model. The predictions of the Halpin-Tsai model allowed prediction of the maximum VF above the FEM limit. If the correction coefficients of the FEM and numerical analysis models are derived based on the predictions of this study and future experimental results, reliable predictions can be obtained for the physical properties of composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jae Jeon
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Science, Yeo-ju Institute of Technology, Yeoju-si 12652, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Yun
- Mobility Materials-Parts-Equipment Center, Kongju National University, Cheonan-si 31080, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kang
- Division of Smart Automotive Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si 31460, Korea
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Yun JH, Jeon YJ, Kang MS. Analysis of Elastic Properties of Polypropylene Composite Materials with Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Spherical Reinforcement. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5602. [PMID: 36013739 PMCID: PMC9416740 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes an isotropic composite material with enhanced elastic properties based on a reinforcement mechanism using ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) spherical molecules. Elastic properties are predicted through finite element analysis by randomly mixing UHMWPE using polypropylene (PP) as a matrix. The change in elastic properties of the composite is calculated for volume fractions of UHMWPE from 10 to 70%. Furthermore, the results of finite element analysis are compared and analyzed using a numerical approach. The results show that the physical properties of the composite material are enhanced by the excellent elastic properties of the UHMWPE, and the finite element analysis results confirm that it is effective up to a volume fraction of 35%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwan Yun
- Mobility Materials-Parts-Equipment Center, Kongju National University, Gongju-si 32588, Korea
| | - Yu-Jae Jeon
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Science, Yeoju Institute of Technology, Yeoju 12652, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kang
- Division of Smart Automotive Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan-si 31460, Korea
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Moretto E, Fernandes JP, Staropoli M, Rogé V, Steiner P, Duez B, Lenoble D, Thomann JS. Dual-Silane Premodified Silica Nanoparticles-Synthesis and Interplay between Chemical, Mechanical, and Curing Properties of Silica-Rubber Nanocomposites: Application to Tire Tread Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17692-17702. [PMID: 35664568 PMCID: PMC9161251 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In silica-rubber based nanocomposites, a single organo-silicon is often used to compatibilize and covalently link silica to rubber. In this work, we have investigated the impact, at micro- and macroscales, of the decoupling of the hydrophobization and the coupling activity of silane by pretreating silica with two different silane chemistries. The first one, a mercaptosilane, is the coupling agent that promotes a covalent link between silica and rubber during the sulfur-mediated vulcanization reaction. The second one, an alkylsilane, aims to improve the silica dispersion. For both kind of silanes, we have varied the chain length and studied at macroscale the dynamic mechanical properties through the key indicators that are E'' as loss modulus, E' as storage modulus, and their respective ratio tan δ. The shorter silanes combination yielded an improvement in terms of wet grip indicators with tan δ at 0 °C increasing from 0.205 to 0.237 while maintaining rolling resistance indicators at the same level. We have evaluated the impact of the silane chemistry onto the cross-linking reactivity within the fabricated rubber-based nanocomposites by using moving-dye rheometer measurements (MDR). By purposely using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we have studied the silica dispersion in the matrix and the rubber/silica interface and provided the rationale explanation of the mechanical properties observed at the macroscale. AFM observation pointed out the existence of a soft interface around silica fillers when long alkylsilanes were used. We infer that this interface impacts the polymer-filler dynamic and subsequently affects the mechanical properties of the composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Moretto
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - João P.
C. Fernandes
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Mariapaola Staropoli
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Rogé
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Goodyear
S.A, Avenue Gordon Smith, L-7750, Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Benoît Duez
- Goodyear
S.A, Avenue Gordon Smith, L-7750, Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Damien Lenoble
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Sébastien Thomann
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Wieszczycka K, Filipowiak K, Dudzinska P, Nowicki M, Siwińska-Ciesielczyk K, Jesionowski T. Novel Mesoporous Organosilicas with Task Ionic Liquids: Properties and High Adsorption Performance for Pb(II). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041405. [PMID: 35209194 PMCID: PMC8877654 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of toxic contaminants such as Pb(II) from waste solutions is environmentally requested. Therefore, in this paper, for potential novel sorbents, mesoporous ionic liquid-functionalized silicas were synthesized and tested for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The successful synthesis of the adsorbents was proved by nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si and 13C NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and elemental analysis. The structural and textural properties were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and low-temperature N2 sorption, and the result showed that the applied procedure made it possible to obtain highly ordered particles with a two-dimensional mesostructure. The effects of several parameters including initial pH, contact time, adsorption temperature, and Pb(II) concentration were studied in detail and were discussed to evaluate the adsorption properties of the fabricated materials towards Pb(II). The obtained results confirmed a very high potential of the sorbents; however, the adsorption properties depend on the structure and amounts of the functional group onto fabricated materials. The sample ILS-Ox3-40 showed fast kinetics (equilibrium reached within 10 min) and capacity of 172 mg/g, and that makes it a promising sorbent for the cleanup of water contaminated by lead. It was also indicated that, regardless on structure of the tested materials, the Pb(II) removal was spontaneous and exothermic. The fabricated mesoporous silicas exhibited that they were easy to regenerate and had excellent reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wieszczycka
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (K.F.); (P.D.); (K.S.-C.); (T.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-616-653-688; Fax: +48-616-653-649
| | - Kinga Filipowiak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (K.F.); (P.D.); (K.S.-C.); (T.J.)
| | - Patrycja Dudzinska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (K.F.); (P.D.); (K.S.-C.); (T.J.)
| | - Marek Nowicki
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siwińska-Ciesielczyk
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (K.F.); (P.D.); (K.S.-C.); (T.J.)
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; (K.F.); (P.D.); (K.S.-C.); (T.J.)
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Effect of Modified Silica Fume Using MPTMS for the Enhanced EPDM Foam Insulation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172996. [PMID: 34503036 PMCID: PMC8434316 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica fume (SF) is a by-product from the production of silicon metal, which has a relatively high silica concentration. The surface modified silica fume (mSF) is treated with (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) as filler in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) foam. The FTIR spectra of mSF clearly indicated that MPTMS can be successfully bonded to the SF surface. The reinforcing efficiency of mSF-filled EPDM foam insulation indicated that the mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, modulus, and compression set enhanced higher than in case of SF and calcium carbonate. While the cure characteristics such as the maximum torque (MH), the minimum torque (ML) and the differential torque (MH-ML) are increasing in proportion to increasing filler contents, mainly with mSF. For the cure behavior, the mSF-filled EPDM foam insulation showed the fastest cure time (tc90) and scorch time (ts2) due to reduced accelerator adsorption. Whereas, the calcium carbonate-filled EPDM foam insulation increased the cure time (tc90) and scorch time (ts2), therefore, it also prevents compound scorching. The results indicated that the mSF with MPTMS can be used as an alternative filler for EPDM foam insulation.
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