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Kalosakas G. Drug polymer conjugates: Average release time from thin films. Int J Pharm 2024:124506. [PMID: 39053679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The reaction-diffusion problem describing the release of drugs conjugated through labile bonds to polymeric thin films has a known analytical solution, when the reaction kinetics is of first order. Using this solution, an exact formula is derived for the average release time of the system. This simple expression provides the characteristic time of release tav as the sum of the corresponding average diffusion time plus the inverse reaction rate constant: tav=(1/12)⋅(L2/D)+(1/k), where L is the slab thickness, D the diffusion coefficient, and k the reaction rate constant. The former term dominates in a diffusion-controlled release, while the latter one in a reaction-controlled delivery. The crossover regime is exactly described by their sum. The obtained result for the average release time is verified by direct numerical integration through the drug release profiles of the analytical solution. The value of fractional drug release at the characteristic average time is between 60-64%. These results can be used for the design of polymer-drug conjugates with a desired delivery time scale, as well as for the experimental determination of the values of microscopic parameters D and k in a conjugated system of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kalosakas
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, GR-26504 Rio, Greece.
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Wongwailikhit K, Suwannakeeree R, Kihara N. Synthesis and Oxidative Degradation of Leucine-Based Poly(diacylhydrazine). Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1222. [PMID: 38732691 PMCID: PMC11085065 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Diacylhydrazine is thermally and chemically stable, and it remains inert to oxygen even at high temperatures. However, it is rapidly oxidized by sodium hypochlorite, leading to its decomposition into carboxylic acid and nitrogen gas. In the synthesis of a novel poly(diacylhydrazine) as an oxidatively degradable polymer, L-leucine methyl ester is acylated by terephthaloyl chloride. Subsequent hydrazination yields a bishydrazide monomer. The oxidative coupling polymerization of this monomer produces poly(diacylhydrazine). The molecular structures of the products are confirmed by an 1H NMR analysis. A polymodal molecular weight distribution and a large polydispersity index are observed by GPC in all cases. A 10% weight loss temperature is noted at 286 °C in air by TGA. The obtained polymer is not oxidized by oxygen. No glass transition is observed below the decomposition temperature. Upon the treatment of the poly(diacylhydrazine) with sodium hypochlorite solution, decomposition occurs rapidly, resulting in monomeric carboxylic acid and nitrogen gas. The L-leucine-based poly(diacylhydrazine) serves as a novel on-demand degradable polymer with high levels of thermal and chemical stability during usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanda Wongwailikhit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Phaholyothin Road, Lak-Hok, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand;
| | - Ratha Suwannakeeree
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Phaholyothin Road, Lak-Hok, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand;
| | - Nobuhiro Kihara
- Department of Science, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
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Zhou M, Cui R, Luo Z, Cong Z, Shao N, Yuan L, Gu J, He H, Liu R. Convenient and Controllable Synthesis of Poly(2-oxazoline)-Conjugated Doxorubicin for Regulating Anti-Tumor Selectivity. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:382. [PMID: 37504877 PMCID: PMC10381835 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14070382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-doxorubicin (DOX) conjugation is an important strategy to improve toxicity and enhance clinically therapeutic efficacy. However, with the frequent use of PEG-modified drugs, the accumulation of anti-PEG antibodies has become a tough issue, which limits the application of PEG-drug conjugation. As an alternative solution, poly(2-oxazoline) (POX)-DOX conjugation has shown great potential in the anti-tumor field, but the reported conjugation process of POX with DOX has drawbacks such as complex synthetic steps and purification. Herein, we propose a convenient and controllable strategy for the synthesis of POX-DOX conjugation with different chain lengths and narrow dispersity by N-boc-2-bromoacetohydrazide-initiated 2-ethyl-oxazoline polymerization and the subsequent deprotection of the N-Boc group and direct reaction with DOX. The DOX-PEtOx conjugates were firstly purified, and the successful conjugations were confirmed through various characterization methods. The synthetic DOX-PEtOxn conjugates reduce the toxicity of DOX and increase the selectivity to tumor cells, reflecting the promising application of this POX-DOX conjugation strategy in drug modification and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruxin Cui
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhengjie Luo
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zihao Cong
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ning Shao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiawei Gu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongyan He
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, East China University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518063, China
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Kalosakas G. Interplay between Diffusion and Bond Cleavage Reaction for Determining Release in Polymer-Drug Conjugates. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4595. [PMID: 37444909 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In conjugated polymeric drug delivery systems, both the covalent bond degradation rate and the diffusion of the freely moving drug particles affect the release profile of the formulation. Using Monte Carlo simulations in spherical matrices, the release kinetics resulting from the competition between the reaction and diffusion processes is discussed. For different values of the relative bond cleavage rate, varied over four orders of magnitude, the evolution of (i) the number of bonded drug molecules, (ii) the fraction of the freely moved detached drug within the polymer matrix, and (iii) the resulting fractional release of the drug is presented. The characteristic release time scale is found to increase by several orders of magnitude as the cleavage reaction rate constant decreases. The two extreme rate-limiting cases where either the diffusion or the reaction dominates the release are clearly distinguishable. The crossover between the diffusion-controlled and reaction-controlled regimes is also examined and a simple analytical formula is presented that can describe the full dependence of the release time on the bond cleavage rate constant. This simple relation is provided simply by the sum of the characteristic time for purely diffusional release and the bond cleavage decay time, which equals the inverse of the reaction rate constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kalosakas
- Materials Science Department, University of Patras, GR-26504 Rio, Greece
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Special Issue "State-of-the-Art Polymer Science and Technology in Greece". Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051264. [PMID: 36904504 PMCID: PMC10007002 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer science and technology is an active and continuously developing field of research and innovation in Greece [...].
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Multifunctional PEG Carrier by Chemoenzymatic Synthesis for Drug Delivery Systems: In Memory of Professor Andrzej Dworak. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142900. [PMID: 35890676 PMCID: PMC9320990 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of new bivalent folate-targeted PEGylated doxorubicin (FA2-dPEG-DOX2) made by modular chemo-enzymatic processes using Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) as a biocatalyst. Unique features are the use of monodisperse PEG (dPEG) and the synthesis of thiol-functionalized folic acid yielding exclusive γ-conjugation of folic acid (FA) to dPEG. The polymer-based drug conjugate is built up by a series of transesterification and Michael addition reactions all catalyzed be CALB. In comparison with other methods in the literature, the modular approach with enzyme catalysis leads to selectivity, full conversion and high yield, and no transition metal catalyst residues. The intermediate product with four acrylate groups is an excellent platform for Michael-addition-type reactions for a wide variety of biologically active molecules. The chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Flow cytometry analysis showed that, at 10 µM concentration, both free DOX and FA2-dPEG-DOX2 were taken up by 99.9% of triple-negative breast cancer cells in 2 h. Fluorescence was detected for 5 days after injecting compound IV into mice. Preliminary results showed that intra-tumoral injection seemed to delay tumor growth more than intravenous delivery.
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Caillaud K, Ladavière C. Water‐soluble (poly)acylhydrazones: Syntheses and Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Caillaud
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Villeurbanne Cédex F‐69622 France
| | - Catherine Ladavière
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet Villeurbanne Cédex F‐69622 France
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Abramov A, Bonardd S, Saldías C, Díaz Díaz D. Visible Light‐Triggered Degradation of pH‐Responsive Micelles Based on ortho‐Hydroxy Cinnamates. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Abramov
- Universität Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg Institut für Organische Chemie GERMANY
| | | | - César Saldías
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile: Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile Química Física CHILE
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Universitaet Regensburg Institut fuer Organische Chemie Universitaetsstr. 31 93040 Regensburg GERMANY
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