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Iqbal S, Karim MR, Mohammad S, Ahn JC, Kariyarath Valappil A, Mathiyalagan R, Yang DC, Jung DH, Bae H, Yang DU. In Silico and In Vitro Study of Isoquercitrin against Kidney Cancer and Inflammation by Triggering Potential Gene Targets. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3328-3341. [PMID: 38666938 PMCID: PMC11049307 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer has emerged as a major medical problem in recent times. Multiple compounds are used to treat kidney cancer by triggering cancer-causing gene targets. For instance, isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside) is frequently present in fruits, vegetables, medicinal herbs, and foods and drinks made from plants. Our previous study predicted using protein-protein interaction (PPI) and molecular docking analysis that the isoquercitrin compound can control kidney cancer and inflammation by triggering potential gene targets of IGF1R, PIK3CA, IL6, and PTGS2. So, the present study is about further in silico and in vitro validation. We performed molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, cytotoxicity assay, and RT-PCR and qRT-PCR validation. According to the MD simulation (250 ns), we found that IGF1R, PIK3CA, and PTGS2, except for IL6 gene targets, show stable binding energy with a stable complex with isoquercitrin. We also performed gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of the final targets to determine their regulatory functions and signaling pathways. Furthermore, we checked the cytotoxicity effect of isoquercitrin (IQ) and found that 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL doses showed higher cell viability in a normal kidney cell line (HEK 293) and also inversely showed an inhibition of cell growth at 35% and 45%, respectively, in the kidney cancer cell line (A498). Lastly, the RT-PCR and qRT-PCR findings showed a significant decrease in PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R gene expression, except for IL6 expression, following dose-dependent treatments with IQ. Thus, we can conclude that isoquercitrin inhibits the expression of PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R gene targets, which in turn controls kidney cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Iqbal
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.I.); (M.R.K.); (A.K.V.); (D.-C.Y.)
| | - Md. Rezaul Karim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.I.); (M.R.K.); (A.K.V.); (D.-C.Y.)
| | - Shahnawaz Mohammad
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.M.); (J.C.A.); (R.M.); (D.-H.J.)
| | - Jong Chan Ahn
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.M.); (J.C.A.); (R.M.); (D.-H.J.)
| | - Anjali Kariyarath Valappil
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.I.); (M.R.K.); (A.K.V.); (D.-C.Y.)
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.M.); (J.C.A.); (R.M.); (D.-H.J.)
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.I.); (M.R.K.); (A.K.V.); (D.-C.Y.)
| | - Dae-Hyo Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.M.); (J.C.A.); (R.M.); (D.-H.J.)
| | - Hyocheol Bae
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Uk Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (S.I.); (M.R.K.); (A.K.V.); (D.-C.Y.)
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Morshed MN, Karim MR, Akter R, Iqbal S, Mathiyalagan R, Ahn JC, Yang DC, Song JH, Kang SC, Yang DU. Potential of Gut Microbial Metabolites in Treating Osteoporosis and Obesity: A Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Approach. Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e942899. [PMID: 38509819 PMCID: PMC10938863 DOI: 10.12659/msm.942899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbial metabolites demonstrate significant activity against metabolic diseases including osteoporosis (OP) and obesity, but active compounds, targets, and mechanisms have not been fully identified. Hence, the current investigation explored the mechanisms of active metabolites and targets against OP and obesity by using network pharmacology approaches. MATERIAL AND METHODS The gutMGene database was used to collect gut microbial targets-associated metabolites; DisGeNET and OMIM databases were used to identify targets relevant to OP and obesity. A total of 63 and 89 overlapped targets were considered the final OP and obesity targets after creating a Venn diagram of metabolites-related targets and disease-related targets. Furthermore, the top 20% of degrees, betweenness, and closeness were used to form the sub-network of protein-protein interaction of these targets. Finally, the biotransformation-increased receptors and biological mechanisms were identified and validated using ADMET properties analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation. RESULTS GO, KEGG pathway analysis, and protein-protein interactions were performed to establish metabolites and target networks. According to the enrichment analysis, OP and obesity are highly linked to the lipid and atherosclerosis pathways. Moreover, ADMET analysis depicts that the major metabolites have drug-likeliness activity and no or less toxicity. Following that, the molecular docking studies showed that compound K and TP53 target have a remarkable negative affinity (-8.0 kcal/mol) among all metabolites and targets for both diseases. Finally, the conformity of compound K against the targeted protein TP53 was validated by 250ns MD simulation. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, we summarized that compound K can regulate TP53 and could be developed as a therapy option for OP and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Niaj Morshed
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Md. Rezaul Karim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Reshmi Akter
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Safia Iqbal
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Jong Chan Ahn
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- Hanbangbio Inc., Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Joong Hyun Song
- Department of Veterinary International Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Dong Uk Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, South Korea
- AIBIOME, Daejeon, South Korea
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Quantum Chemical Computation of Omicron Mutations Near Cleavage Sites of the Spike Protein. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101999. [PMID: 36296275 PMCID: PMC9612061 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The attachment of the spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 to host cells and the initiation of viral invasion are two critical processes in the viral infection and transmission in which the presence of unique furin (S1/S2) and TMPRSS2 (S2′) cleavage sites play a pivotal role. We provide a detailed analysis of the impact of the BA.1 Omicron mutations vicinal to these cleavage sites using a novel computational method based on the amino acid–amino acid bond pair unit (AABPU), a specific protein structural unit as a proxy for quantifying the atomic interaction. Our study is focused mainly on the spike region between subdomain 2 (SD2) and the central helix (CH), which contains both S1/S2 and S2’ cleavage sites. Based on ab initio quantum calculations, we have identified several key features related to the electronic structure and bonding of the Omicron mutations that significantly increase the size of the relevant AABPUs and the positive charge. These findings enable us to conjecture on the biological role of Omicron mutations and their specific effects on cleavage sites and identify the principles that can be of some value in analyzing new variants.
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Ching WY, Adhikari P, Jawad B, Podgornik R. Effect of Delta and Omicron Mutations on the RBD-SD1 Domain of the Spike Protein in SARS-CoV-2 and the Omicron Mutations on RBD-ACE2 Interface Complex. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10091. [PMID: 36077490 PMCID: PMC9456519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-binding domain (RBD) is the essential part in the Spike-protein (S-protein) of SARS-CoV-2 virus that directly binds to the human ACE2 receptor, making it a key target for many vaccines and therapies. Therefore, any mutations at this domain could affect the efficacy of these treatments as well as the viral-cell entry mechanism. We introduce ab initio DFT-based computational study that mainly focuses on two parts: (1) Mutations effects of both Delta and Omicron variants in the RBD-SD1 domain. (2) Impact of Omicron RBD mutations on the structure and properties of the RBD-ACE2 interface system. The in-depth analysis is based on the novel concept of amino acid-amino acid bond pair units (AABPU) that reveal the differences between the Delta and/or Omicron mutations and its corresponding wild-type strain in terms of the role played by non-local amino acid interactions, their 3D shapes and sizes, as well as contribution to hydrogen bonding and partial charge distributions. Our results also show that the interaction of Omicron RBD with ACE2 significantly increased its bonding between amino acids at the interface providing information on the implications of penetration of S-protein into ACE2, and thus offering a possible explanation for its high infectivity. Our findings enable us to present, in more conspicuous atomic level detail, the effect of specific mutations that may help in predicting and/or mitigating the next variant of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Yim Ching
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Puja Adhikari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Bahaa Jawad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- School of Physical Sciences and Kavli Institute of Theoretical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Fernandes C, Faroughi SA, Ferrás LL, Afonso AM. Advanced Polymer Simulation and Processing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122480. [PMID: 35746056 PMCID: PMC9229809 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer processing techniques are of paramount importance in the manufacture of polymer parts [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Célio Fernandes
- LASI-Associate Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Institute for Polymers and Composites, Polymer Engineering Department, School of Engineering of the University of Minho, Campus of Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Salah A Faroughi
- Geo-Intelligence Laboratory, Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Luís L Ferrás
- Center of Mathematics (CMAT), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
- CEFT, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre M Afonso
- CEFT, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Jawad B, Adhikari P, Podgornik R, Ching WY. Binding Interactions between Receptor-Binding Domain of Spike Protein and Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 in Omicron Variant. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3915-3921. [PMID: 35481766 PMCID: PMC9063111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (OV) has exacerbated the COVID-19 pandemic because of a large number of mutations in the spike protein, particularly in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), resulting in highly contagious and/or vaccine-resistant strains. Herein, we present a systematic analysis based on detailed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in order to understand how the OV RBD mutations affect the ACE2 binding. We show that the OV RBD binds to ACE2 more efficiently and tightly predominantly because of strong electrostatic interactions, thereby promoting increased infectivity and transmissibility compared to other strains. Some of the OV RBD mutations are predicted to affect the antibody neutralization either through their role in the S-protein conformational changes, such as S371L, S373P, and S375F, or through changing its surface charge distribution, such as G339D, N440K, T478K, and E484A. Other mutations, such as K417N, G446S, and Y505H, decrease the ACE2 binding, whereas S447N, Q493R, G496S, Q498R, and N501Y tend to increase it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Jawad
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
- Department
of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Puja Adhikari
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- Wenzhou
Institute of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
- School
of Physical Sciences and Kavli Institute of Theoretical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wai-Yim Ching
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Missouri—Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
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Adhikari P, Jawad B, Rao P, Podgornik R, Ching WY. Delta Variant with P681R Critical Mutation Revealed by Ultra-Large Atomic-Scale Ab Initio Simulation: Implications for the Fundamentals of Biomolecular Interactions. Viruses 2022; 14:465. [PMID: 35336872 PMCID: PMC8955942 DOI: 10.3390/v14030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant is emerging as a globally dominant strain. Its rapid spread and high infection rate are attributed to a mutation in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 allowing for the virus to invade human cells much faster and with an increased efficiency. In particular, an especially dangerous mutation P681R close to the furin cleavage site has been identified as responsible for increasing the infection rate. Together with the earlier reported mutation D614G in the same domain, it offers an excellent instance to investigate the nature of mutations and how they affect the interatomic interactions in the spike protein. Here, using ultra large-scale ab initio computational modeling, we study the P681R and D614G mutations in the SD2-FP domain, including the effect of double mutation, and compare the results with the wild type. We have recently developed a method of calculating the amino-acid-amino-acid bond pairs (AABP) to quantitatively characterize the details of the interatomic interactions, enabling us to explain the nature of mutation at the atomic resolution. Our most significant finding is that the mutations reduce the AABP value, implying a reduced bonding cohesion between interacting residues and increasing the flexibility of these amino acids to cause the damage. The possibility of using this unique mutation quantifiers in a machine learning protocol could lead to the prediction of emerging mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Adhikari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (P.A.); (B.J.)
| | - Bahaa Jawad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (P.A.); (B.J.)
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Praveen Rao
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- School of Physical Sciences and Kavli Institute of Theoretical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China
- Wenzhou Institute of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wai-Yim Ching
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (P.A.); (B.J.)
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Bioinformatics approaches identified dasatinib and bortezomib inhibit the activity of MCM7 protein as a potential treatment against human cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1539. [PMID: 35087187 PMCID: PMC8795118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 7 (MCM7) is a key component of the DNA replication licensing factor and hexamer MCM (MCM2–7) complex that regulates the DNA replication process. The MCM7 protein is associated with tumor cell proliferation that plays an important role in different human cancer progression. As the protein is highly expressed during the cancer development process, therefore, inhibition of the protein can be utilized as a treatment option for different human cancer. However, the study aimed to identify potential small molecular drug candidates against the MCM7 protein that can utilize treatment options for human cancer. Initially, the compounds identified from protein-drugs network analysis have been retrieved from NetworkAnalyst v3.0 server and screened through molecular docking, MM-GBSA, DFT, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach. Two compounds namely Dasatinib (CID_3062316) and Bortezomib (CID_387447) have been identified throughout the screening process, which have the highest negative binding affinity (Kcal/mol) and binding free energy (Kcal/mol). The pharmacokinetics and toxicity analysis identified drug-like properties and no toxicity properties of the compounds, where 500 ns MD simulation confirmed structural stability of the two compounds to the targeted proteins. Therefore, we can conclude that the compounds dasatinib and bortezomib can inhibit the activity of the MCM7 and can be developed as a treatment option against human cancer.
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Jawad B, Adhikari P, Cheng K, Podgornik R, Ching WY. Computational Design of Miniproteins as SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutic Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:838. [PMID: 35055023 PMCID: PMC8776159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rational therapeutic strategy is urgently needed for combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viral infection initiates when the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) binds to the ACE2 receptor, and thus, inhibiting RBD is a promising therapeutic for blocking viral entry. In this study, the structure of lead antiviral candidate binder (LCB1), which has three alpha-helices (H1, H2, and H3), is used as a template to design and simulate several miniprotein RBD inhibitors. LCB1 undergoes two modifications: structural modification by truncation of the H3 to reduce its size, followed by single and double amino acid substitutions to enhance its binding with RBD. We use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations supported by ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Complete binding profiles of all miniproteins with RBD have been determined. The MD investigations reveal that the H3 truncation results in a small inhibitor with a -1.5 kcal/mol tighter binding to RBD than original LCB1, while the best miniprotein with higher binding affinity involves D17R or E11V + D17R mutation. DFT calculations provide atomic-scale details on the role of hydrogen bonding and partial charge distribution in stabilizing the minibinder:RBD complex. This study provides insights into general principles for designing potential therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Jawad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (B.J.); (P.A.)
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Puja Adhikari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (B.J.); (P.A.)
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- Wenzhou Institute of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China;
- School of Physical Sciences and Kavli Institute of Theoretical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China
| | - Wai-Yim Ching
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; (B.J.); (P.A.)
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