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Dziadowiec D, Walburg K, Matykiewicz D, Andrzejewski J, Szostak M. Development of Technologies for Processing Polypropylene Foil Waste and Their Use in the Production of Finished Products. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:5192. [PMID: 39517468 PMCID: PMC11547587 DOI: 10.3390/ma17215192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
This work aims to assess the possibility of using packaging industry waste to modify polypropylene products (PPs). The products were made in the form of extruded foil and injected samples. The products were produced using regranulate made of polypropylene cast foil. Maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene (MAPP) and polyolefin elastomer (POE) with a glycidyl ester functional group were used to modify the polypropylene. The samples were produced based on 50% foil waste reground and 50% pure PP. The rheological properties of the blends were assessed using the melt mass flow rate (MFR) technique; thermal properties using the differential scanning calorimetry method (DSC). The products manufactured using the injection molding method were subjected to an analysis of mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and impact strength. Also, in the case of film samples, tensile strength was assessed. Color-change assessments with CIE L*a*b* were carried out for all materials. Injection-molded products based on recycled metallized cast foil showed favorable mechanical properties such as tensile strength (1 MAPP = 26.7 MPa; 2 MAPP = 27.1 MPa), which was higher than the original material (cPP = 20.7 MPa). Also, for the films produced from regrind, the tensile strength was at a level similar (1 MAPP = 24.6 MPa; 2 MAPP/POE = 25.1 MPa) to the films extruded from virgin materials (cPP = 24.9 MPa). The introduction of a POE additive to the blends resulted in increased impact strength (1 MAPP/POE = 31 kJ/mol; 2MAPP/POE = 18 kJ/mol; 3 MAPP/POE = 11 kJ/mol) in relation to unmodified samples (cPP = 7 kJ/mol). The introduction of a POE additive to the tested mixtures improved the impact strength of the injected products by almost 4 times for sample 1 MAPP/POE and 2.5 times for sample 2 MAPP/POE in comparison to virgin cPP. These studies confirmed that foil waste can be successfully used to modify polypropylene products shaped both in the injection and extrusion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Dziadowiec
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (K.W.); (J.A.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Danuta Matykiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (K.W.); (J.A.); (M.S.)
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dos Santos MR, Durval IJB, de Medeiros ADM, da Silva Júnior CJG, Converti A, Costa AFDS, Sarubbo LA. Biotechnology in Food Packaging Using Bacterial Cellulose. Foods 2024; 13:3327. [PMID: 39456389 PMCID: PMC11507476 DOI: 10.3390/foods13203327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Food packaging, which is typically made of paper/cardboard, glass, metal, and plastic, is essential for protecting and preserving food. However, the impact of conventional food packaging and especially the predominant use of plastics, due to their versatility and low cost, bring serious environmental and health problems such as pollution by micro and nanoplastics. In response to these challenges, biotechnology emerges as a new way for improving packaging by providing biopolymers as sustainable alternatives. In this context, bacterial cellulose (BC), a biodegradable and biocompatible material produced by bacteria, stands out for its mechanical resistance, food preservation capacity, and rapid degradation and is a promising solution for replacing plastics. However, despite its advantages, large-scale application still encounters technical and economic challenges. These include high costs compared to when conventional materials are used, difficulties in standardizing membrane production through microbial methods, and challenges in optimizing cultivation and production processes, so further studies are necessary to ensure food safety and industrial viability. Thus, this review provides an overview of the impacts of conventional packaging. It discusses the development of biodegradable packaging, highlighting BC as a promising biopolymer. Additionally, it explores biotechnological techniques for the development of innovative packaging through structural modifications of BC, as well as ways to optimize its production process. The study also emphasizes the importance of these solutions in promoting a circular economy within the food industry and reducing its environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryana Rogéria dos Santos
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal Rural Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n-Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Brazil;
- Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI), Rua Potyra, n. 31, Prado, Recife 50751-310, Brazil; (I.J.B.D.); (A.D.M.d.M.); (C.J.G.d.S.J.); (A.C.); (A.F.d.S.C.)
| | - Italo José Batista Durval
- Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI), Rua Potyra, n. 31, Prado, Recife 50751-310, Brazil; (I.J.B.D.); (A.D.M.d.M.); (C.J.G.d.S.J.); (A.C.); (A.F.d.S.C.)
| | - Alexandre D’Lamare Maia de Medeiros
- Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI), Rua Potyra, n. 31, Prado, Recife 50751-310, Brazil; (I.J.B.D.); (A.D.M.d.M.); (C.J.G.d.S.J.); (A.C.); (A.F.d.S.C.)
| | - Cláudio José Galdino da Silva Júnior
- Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI), Rua Potyra, n. 31, Prado, Recife 50751-310, Brazil; (I.J.B.D.); (A.D.M.d.M.); (C.J.G.d.S.J.); (A.C.); (A.F.d.S.C.)
| | - Attilio Converti
- Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI), Rua Potyra, n. 31, Prado, Recife 50751-310, Brazil; (I.J.B.D.); (A.D.M.d.M.); (C.J.G.d.S.J.); (A.C.); (A.F.d.S.C.)
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pole of Chemical Engineering, University of Genoa (UNIGE), Via Opera Pia, 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andréa Fernanda de Santana Costa
- Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI), Rua Potyra, n. 31, Prado, Recife 50751-310, Brazil; (I.J.B.D.); (A.D.M.d.M.); (C.J.G.d.S.J.); (A.C.); (A.F.d.S.C.)
- Centro de Comunicação e Desing, Centro Acadêmico da Região Agreste, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), BR 104, Km 59, s/n—Nova Caruaru, Caruaru 50670-900, Brazil
| | - Leonie Asfora Sarubbo
- Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI), Rua Potyra, n. 31, Prado, Recife 50751-310, Brazil; (I.J.B.D.); (A.D.M.d.M.); (C.J.G.d.S.J.); (A.C.); (A.F.d.S.C.)
- Escola de Tecnologia e Comunicação, Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Boa Vista, Recife 50050-900, Brazil
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Kaloper S, Plohl O, Smole Možina S, Vesel A, Šimat V, Fras Zemljič L. Exploring chitosan-plant extract bilayer coatings: Advancements in active food packaging via polypropylene modification. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132308. [PMID: 38740163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
UV-ozone activated polypropylene (PP) food films were subjected to a novel bilayer coating process involving primary or quaternary chitosan (CH/QCH) as the first layer and natural extracts from juniper needles (Juniperus oxycedrus; JUN) or blackberry leaves (Rubus fruticosus; BBL) as the second layer. This innovative approach aims to redefine active packaging (AP) development. Through a detailed analysis by surface characterization and bioactivity assessments (i.e., antioxidant and antimicrobial functionalities), we evaluated different coating combinations. Furthermore, we investigated the stability and barrier characteristics inherent in these coatings. The confirmed deposition, coupled with a comprehensive characterization of their composition and morphology, underscored the efficacy of the coatings. Our investigation included wettability assessment via contact angle (CA) measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), which revealed substantial enhancements in surface concentrations of elements and functional groups of CH, QCH, JUN, and BBL. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) unveiled the coatings' heterogeneity, while time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and CA profiling showed moderately compact bilayers on PP, providing active species on the hydrophilic surface, respectively. The coatings significantly reduced the oxygen permeability. Additionally, single-layer depositions of CH and QCH remained below the overall migration limit (OML). Remarkably, the coatings exhibited robust antioxidative properties due to plant extracts and exceptional antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, attributed to QCH. These findings underscore the pivotal role of film surface properties in governing bioactive characteristics and offer a promising pathway for enhancing food packaging functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Kaloper
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymers, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Olivija Plohl
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymers, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Technology, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Alenka Vesel
- Department of Surface Engineering and Optoelectronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Teslova ulica 30, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vida Šimat
- University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 37, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Lidija Fras Zemljič
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymers, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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Tone AM, Herranz Solana N, Khan MR, Borriello A, Torrieri E, Sánchez Reig C, Monedero Prieto FM. Study on the Properties of PLA- and PP-Based Films for Food Applications Incorporating Orange Peel Extract from Agricultural by-Products. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1245. [PMID: 38732714 PMCID: PMC11085717 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop active packaging based on polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA) matrices using a high value by-product extracted from orange peel as an active compound for food packaging applications. Different films with and without orange peel extract (OPE) based on PP and PLA were obtained via cast extrusion and characterized in terms of their mechanical, thermal, optical, and sealing properties. The films obtained were transparent, but when OPE was incorporated, the transmittance spectrum decreased, causing slight coloration. Mechanical properties were affected by the incorporation of OPE, as elongation at break and tensile strength increased in the cross-direction of the PP film, although the main differences found were related to the polymer itself. In addition, sealing strength also increased via the incorporation of OPE in the PP matrix. However, thermal properties were not affected by OPE in the PP matrix but slightly decreased stability in PLA. Regarding antimicrobial activity in in vitro studies, no inhibition of the growth of Listeria innocua, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, or Escherichia coli was observed. Finally, antioxidant activity was observed in in vitro studies with 2,2-Diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The results of this study showed that the obtention of materials with OPE incorporated into the PLA and PP matrix is feasible. The new materials obtained can be used for applications of oxidation-sensitive fresh products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Tone
- Packaging, Transport & Logistics Research Center (ITENE), Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.M.T.); (N.H.S.); (C.S.R.)
| | - Nuria Herranz Solana
- Packaging, Transport & Logistics Research Center (ITENE), Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.M.T.); (N.H.S.); (C.S.R.)
| | - Muhammad Rehan Khan
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Angela Borriello
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Elena Torrieri
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Carmen Sánchez Reig
- Packaging, Transport & Logistics Research Center (ITENE), Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.M.T.); (N.H.S.); (C.S.R.)
| | - F. María Monedero Prieto
- Packaging, Transport & Logistics Research Center (ITENE), Albert Einstein 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (A.M.T.); (N.H.S.); (C.S.R.)
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Zhang X, Zhao J, Xie P, Wang S. Biomedical Applications of Electrets: Recent Advance and Future Perspectives. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:320. [PMID: 37367284 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14060320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, electrical stimulation, as a non-pharmacological physical stimulus, has been widely exploited in biomedical and clinical applications due to its ability to significantly enhance cell proliferation and differentiation. As a kind of dielectric material with permanent polarization characteristics, electrets have demonstrated tremendous potential in this field owing to their merits of low cost, stable performance, and excellent biocompatibility. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent advances in electrets and their biomedical applications. We first provide a brief introduction to the development of electrets, as well as typical materials and fabrication methods. Subsequently, we systematically describe the recent advances of electrets in biomedical applications, including bone regeneration, wound healing, nerve regeneration, drug delivery, and wearable electronics. Finally, the present challenges and opportunities have also been discussed in this emerging field. This review is anticipated to provide state-of-the-art insights on the electrical stimulation-related applications of electrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiulong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Pei Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shige Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
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Nagengast N, Bay C, Döpper F, Schmidt HW, Neuber C. Thermo-Mechanical Recyclability of Additively Manufactured Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Parts and Polypropylene Support Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2291. [PMID: 37242864 PMCID: PMC10223719 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers have a reputation for several advantageous characteristics like chemical resistance, weight reduction, and simple form-giving processes. The rise of additive manufacturing technologies such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) has introduced an even more versatile production process that supported new product design and material concepts. This led to new investigations and innovations driven by the individualization of customized products. The other side of the coin contains an increasing resource and energy consumption satisfying the growing demand for polymer products. This turns into a magnitude of waste accumulation and increased resource consumption. Therefore, appropriate product and material design, taking into account end-of-life scenarios, is essential to limit or even close the loop of economically driven product systems. In this paper, a comparison of virgin and recycled biodegradable (polylactic acid (PLA)) and petroleum-based (polypropylene (PP) & support) filaments for extrusion-based Additive Manufacturing is presented. For the first time, the thermo-mechanical recycling setup contained a service-life simulation, shredding, and extrusion. Specimens and complex geometries with support materials were manufactured with both, virgin and recycled materials. An empirical assessment was executed through mechanical (ISO 527), rheological (ISO 1133), morphological, and dimensional testing. Furthermore, the surface properties of the PLA and PP printed parts were analyzed. In summary, PP parts and parts from its support structure showed, in consideration of all parameters, suitable recyclability with a marginal parameter variance in comparison to the virgin material. The PLA components showed an acceptable decline in the mechanical values but through thermo-mechanical degradation processes, rheological and dimensional properties of the filament dropped decently. This results in significantly identifiable artifacts of the product optics, based on an increase in surface roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Nagengast
- Chair of Biomechanics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 9, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Bay
- Research Center for Additive Innovations, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Chair of Manufacturing and Remanufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 9, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Frank Döpper
- Research Center for Additive Innovations, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Chair of Manufacturing and Remanufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 9, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Neuber
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Pilot-Scale Processing and Functional Properties of Antifungal EVOH-Based Films Containing Methyl Anthranilate Intended for Food Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163405. [PMID: 36015660 PMCID: PMC9416094 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial packaging has emerged as an efficient technology to improve the stability of food products. In this study, new formulations based on ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer were developed by incorporating the volatile methyl anthranilate (MA) at different concentrations as antifungal compound to obtain active films for food packaging. To this end, a twin-screw extruder with a specifically designed screw configuration was employed to produce films at pilot scale. The quantification analyses of MA in the films showed a high retention capacity. Then, the morphological, optical, thermal, mechanical and water vapour barrier performance, as well as the antifungal activity in vitro of the active films, were evaluated. The presence of MA did not affect the transparency or the thermal stability of EVOH-based films, but decreased the glass transition temperature of the copolymer, indicating a plasticizing effect, which was confirmed by an increase in the elongation at break values of the films. Because of the additive-induced plasticization over EVOH, the water vapour permeability slightly increased at 33% and 75% relative humidity values. Finally, the evaluation of the antifungal activity in vitro of the active films containing methyl anthranilate showed a great effectiveness against P. expansum and B. cinerea, demonstrating the potential applicability of the developed films for active food packaging.
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Polyethylene Films Containing Plant Extracts in the Polymer Matrix as Antibacterial and Antiviral Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413438. [PMID: 34948232 PMCID: PMC8708998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density polyethylene (LDPE) films covered with active coatings containing mixtures of rosemary, raspberry, and pomegranate CO2 extracts were found to be active against selected bacterial strains that may extend the shelf life of food products. The coatings also offer antiviral activity, due to their influence on the activity of Φ6 bacteriophage, selected as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 particles. The mixture of these extracts could be incorporated into a polymer matrix to obtain a foil with antibacterial and antiviral properties. The initial goal of this work was to obtain active LDPE films containing a mixture of CO2 extracts of the aforementioned plants, incorporated into an LDPE matrix via an extrusion process. The second aim of this study was to demonstrate the antibacterial properties of the active films against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and to determine the antiviral effect of the modified material on Φ6 bacteriophage. In addition, an analysis was made on the influence of the active mixture on the polymer physicochemical features, e.g., mechanical and thermal properties, as well as its color and transparency. The results of this research indicated that the LDPE film containing a mixture of raspberry, rosemary, and pomegranate CO2 extracts incorporated into an LDPE matrix inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This film was also found to be active against Bacillus subtilis. This modified film did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas syringae cells; however, their number decreased significantly. The LDPE active film was also found to be active against Φ6 particles, meaning that the film had antiviral properties. The incorporation of the mixture of CO2 extracts into the polymer matrix affected its mechanical properties. It was observed that parameters describing mechanical properties decreased, although did not affect the transition of LDPE significantly. Additionally, the modified film exhibited barrier properties towards UV radiation. Modified PE/CO2 extracts films could be applied as a functional food packaging material with antibacterial and antiviral properties.
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