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Noviagel I, Heryanto H, Putri SE, Rauf I, Tahir D. Tapioca-starch-based bionanocomposites with fructose and titanium dioxide for food packaging and fertilization applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132803. [PMID: 38848836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Bionanocomposites offer a promising solution to the plastic waste crisis. Although tapioca starch shows potential as a bioplastic material, it is characterized by low mechanical properties, poor thermal stability, and high water absorption owing to its hydrophilic nature. To increase the flexibility of the material and reduce the transmission rate of oxygen and water vapor, additives such as fructose and titanium dioxide (TiO2) can be incorporated into the material. TiO2 nanoparticles are commonly utilized in agriculture to enhance nutrient release and promote plant growth. In this study, X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that TiO2 reduced crystal size while increasing the crystallinity of bionanocomposites. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed an absorption peak at 3397 cm-1, indicating hydrogen bonding between TiO2 and starch-OH groups, and a peak at 773 cm-1, indicating an increase in the intensity of Ti-O-Ti stretching vibrations with the incorporation of TiO2. Water absorption rate results confirmed that TiO2 addition enhanced bionanocomposite resistance to water vapor and moisture, evidenced by increased tensile strength from 0.11 to 0.49 MPa and Young's modulus from 2.48 to 5.26 MPa, as well as decreased elongation at break from 21.46 % to 2.36 % in bionanocomposites with TiO2. Furthermore, with TiO2 addition, the biodegradation rate of the bionanocomposites decreased, which is beneficial for enhancing plant nutrient content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indriani Noviagel
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Heryanto Heryanto
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Suriati Eka Putri
- Department of Chemistry, Makassar State University, Makassar 90224, Indonesia
| | - Ichsan Rauf
- Department of Civil Engineering, Khairun University, Ternate 91177, Indonesia
| | - Dahlang Tahir
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.
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2
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Thakkar A, Choudhary N, Patel R, Sahu S, Joshi M, Yadav VK, Sahoo DK, Patel A. A comparative study of the effects of graphite, wollastonite, and titanium dioxide fillers on the properties of starch-based biodegradable plastic film. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33887-6. [PMID: 38856850 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
This research paper aims to explore the effect of graphite, wollastonite, and titanium dioxide as reinforcing fillers on starch-based biodegradable plastic (SBP) films. GF-SBP (graphite filler containing SBP), WF-SBP (wollastonite containing SBP), and TF-SBP (titanium dioxide containing SBP) films were developed and analyzed for various properties such as thickness, density, tensile strength, elongation break, morphology, thermal stability, solubility, moisture content, moisture absorbance, biodegradability, and antibacterial activity. The results reveal that WF-SBP films had the highest tensile strength of 5.43 MPa and greatest elongation break value of 22% as compared to other films. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that SBP films with and without filler degraded slowly between 150 and 600°C. The highest thermal stability was recorded for TF-SBP films which showed stability (11% mass loss) up to 150°C. The biodegradability test conducted using soil burial method suggested that TF-SBP film degraded within 90 days, GF-SBP films degraded completely in 120 days, and WF-SBP films took more than 120 days to degrade. The synthesized SBP films were analyzed for their antibacterial potential against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and results showed that WF-SBP film exhibited the best antibacterial activity by producing a large zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani Thakkar
- Department of Lifesciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India
| | - Nisha Choudhary
- Department of Lifesciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India
| | - Rajat Patel
- Department of Lifesciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India
| | - Santosh Sahu
- Department of Lifesciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), M. S. Building, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Lifesciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Lifesciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, 384265, India.
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3
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Kumar R, Park K, Ahn K, Ansari JR, Sadeghi K, Seo J. Maleic acid crosslinked starch/polyvinyl alcohol blend films with improved barrier properties for packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132495. [PMID: 38763256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating starch, which is a potential biodegradable substitute for petroleum-based polymers, into conventional polymers is challenging owing to limitations in processability and weak-performing resulting materials. Herein, corn starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend films (starch: PVA ratio of 50:50) were prepared via the solvent casting method using glycerol as a plasticizer and with varying concentrations of maleic acid as the crosslinking agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the molecular interactions of the maleic acid crosslinker with the polymeric network of starch and PVA through an ester linkage. The properties of the films were strongly dependent on the maleic acid concentration. An increasing maleic acid concentration imparted hydrophobicity to the film; therefore, water swelling was significantly reduced, and water resistance was enhanced. The film containing 20 wt% maleic acid exhibited excellent barrier properties, with the lowest oxygen and water vapor transmission rates of 0.5 ± 0.2 cc/m2⋅day and 232.3 ± 5.4 g/m2⋅day, respectively. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the film improved with increasing crosslinking. This study demonstrates that the addition of maleic acid leads to an improvement in the overall performance of starch/PVA blend films. Therefore, maleic acid-crosslinked films can be used as barrier materials in food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Kitae Park
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Kihyeon Ahn
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Jamilur R Ansari
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea
| | - Kambiz Sadeghi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jongchul Seo
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26493, South Korea.
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4
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Nayak B, Jain P, Kumar L, Mishra AA, Gaikwad KK. UV blocking edible films based on corn starch/moringa gum incorporated with pine cone extract for sustainable food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131545. [PMID: 38614168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Corn starch (CS) is a good alternative to synthetic polymers due to its sustainability; nevertheless, because of its weak tensile strength, the matrix requires another polymer. Therefore, 0.5 % (w/v) moringa gum (MG) was added. The purpose of this study was to assess how pine cone extract (PCE) affected the physiochemical and mechanical properties of corn starch and moringa gum (CS/MG) films and their use as UV-blocking composites. The findings suggest that the PCE improved the elongation at break from 3.27 % to 35.2 % while greatly reducing the tensile strength. The hydrogen bonding between CS/MG and PCE was visible in the FTIR spectra. The XRD graph indicated that the films were amorphous. In comparison to CS/MG films, PCE-incorporated edible films demonstrated significant UV-blocking ability indicating their potential as sustainable packaging material for light-sensitive food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baneeprajnya Nayak
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prachi Jain
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Atul Anand Mishra
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kirtiraj K Gaikwad
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Edayadulla N, Divakaran D, Chandraraj SS, Suyambulingam I, Jayamani E, Sanjay MR, Siengchin S. Isolation and characterization of novel bioplasticizers from rose ( Rosa damascena Mill.) petals and its suitability investigation for poly (butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) biofilm applications. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:110. [PMID: 38486820 PMCID: PMC10933221 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The current growing environmental awareness has forced the use of biodegradable plasticizers, which are sustainable and abundant in plant resources. Rose petal plasticizers (RPP) act as an actual substitute for chemical plasticizers in this situation as they are biocompatible and biodegradable. Chemical procedures like amination, alkalization, and surface catalysis are used to extract the natural emollients from rose petals. XRD, FT-IR, and UV studies were used to understand the characteristics of the rose petal plasticizer. Based on the XRD data, the RPP's crystallinity size (CS) and crystallinity index (CI) values were determined to be 9.36 nm and 23.87%, respectively. The surface morphology of the isolated plasticizer is investigated using SEM, EDAX analysis and AFM. RPP surface pores with rough surfaces are visible in SEM images, which make them appropriate for plasticizing novel bioplastics with superior mechanical qualities. The plasticizer's heat degradation behaviour is investigated using thermogravimetric and differential thermogram analysis curves. Following the characterization of the synthesised molecules, the plasticization effect was examined using a biodegradable polymer matrix called poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). The reinforcement interface was also examined using scanning electron microscopy analysis. RPP-reinforced films demonstrated greater flexibility and superior surface compatibility at a 5% loading compared to PBAT-only films. Based on a number of reported features, RPP could be a great plasticizer to address future environmental problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Edayadulla
- Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062 India
| | - Divya Divakaran
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800 Thailand
| | - Shanmuga Sundari Chandraraj
- Department of Chemistry, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062 India
| | - Indran Suyambulingam
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800 Thailand
| | - Elammaran Jayamani
- Mechanical Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus (SUTS), Kuching, 93350 Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - M. R. Sanjay
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800 Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800 Thailand
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6
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Gunawan G, Heryanto H, Tahir D. Keratin-based bioplastics extracted from chicken feathers: Effect of chitosan concentration on the structural, chemical bonding, and mechanical properties of bioplastics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130722. [PMID: 38462103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Keratin was synthesized by alkaline hydrolysis from chicken feathers and then continue by casting method for producing bioplastics with additional various amounts of chitosan as a filler, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glycerol as a plasticizer. The main purpose is analysis the effect of chitosan on the structural properties using quantitative analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra, chemical bonding by Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra, and mechanical properties by texture analyser to the keratin-based bioplastics. Biodegradation of bioplastics was analysed from the loss of weight by burying in the soil. It's found that, the additional of chitosan (0 %, 2 %, 5 %, and 8 %) increased the crystallinity of bioplastics by 11.83 %, 11.12 %, 18.99 %, and 17.03 %, respectively, but decreasing tensile strength and elasticity of bioplastics. Degradation of bioplastic keratin-based shows that the addition of chitosan can reduce the degradation time which is directly proportional to the loss of CO bonds. The highest degradation rate is 89.29 % in 49 days for keratin-based bioplastics with 8 % chitosan, indicated that high potential for future production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunawan Gunawan
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Heryanto Heryanto
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Dahlang Tahir
- Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia.
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7
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do Nascimento WJ, da Costa JCM, Alves ES, de Oliveira MC, Monteiro JP, Souza PR, Martins AF, Bonafe EG. Zinc oxide nanoparticle-reinforced pectin/starch functionalized films: A sustainable solution for biodegradable packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128461. [PMID: 38042320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by non-biodegradable plastic pollutants adversely affects various ecosystems. This study proposes the development of novel functional and biodegradable films based on corn starch (CST) and pectin (PEC) containing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) from the casting method. The films exhibited processability, transparency, low water vapor permeation, and desirable mechanical properties for food packaging and coating applications. The ZnONPs acted as a plasticizer, enhancing the film elongation at the break, increasing the pec25-1 (PEC 25 wt% and ZnONPs 1 wt%) elongation from 79.85 to 162.32 %. The improved film elasticity supported by ZnONPs reduced the material stiffness. However, the films still demonstrated an average tensile strength (0.69 MPa) 17-fold higher than the tensile strength (0.04 MPa) of the non-biodegradable commercial film based on poly(vinyl chloride). Furthermore, the ZnONPs enhanced the UV-blocking capabilities of the films, leading to wettable materials with water contact angles lower than 90°. The films showed high biodegradation rates under natural disposal conditions. The results indicated that the pec25-1/ZnONPs film is a promising eco-friendly coating in food preservation due to its biodegradability, suitable mechanical properties, low water vapor permeability, and UV-blocking properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderlei J do Nascimento
- Analitycal Applied in Lipids, Sterols, and Antioxidants (APLE-A), State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Joice C M da Costa
- Analitycal Applied in Lipids, Sterols, and Antioxidants (APLE-A), State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Eloize S Alves
- Analitycal Applied in Lipids, Sterols, and Antioxidants (APLE-A), State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana C de Oliveira
- Laboratory for Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Johny P Monteiro
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology - Parana (UTFPR), Apucarana, PR 86812-460, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Souza
- Group of Polymeric Materials and Composites (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Martins
- Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology - Parana (UTFPR), Apucarana, PR 86812-460, Brazil; Department of Chemistry & Biotechnology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls (UWRF), River Falls, WI 54022, USA.
| | - Elton G Bonafe
- Analitycal Applied in Lipids, Sterols, and Antioxidants (APLE-A), State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil; Laboratory of Materials, Macromolecules, and Composites (LaMMAC), Federal University of Technology - Parana (UTFPR), Apucarana, PR 86812-460, Brazil.
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8
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Chel-Guerrero L, Betancur-Ancona D, Aguilar-Vega M, Rodríguez-Canto W. Films properties of QPM corn starch with Delonix regia seed galactomannan as an edible coating material. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128408. [PMID: 38016603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based polysaccharides are considered a good alternative for obtaining edible films and coatings. In this research the objective was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of corn starch obtained from QPM Sac-Beh (SBCS) and Delonix regia galactomannan (DRG) and use them to produce films. Films were elaborated from 1 %(w/v) film-forming solutions (FFS) with SBCS:DRG 1:0, 1:1, and 0:1 ratio. Some films were prepared with glycerol 0.4 %(w/v) and vanillin 0.1 %(w/v). SBCS and DRG were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. SBCS presented low crystallinity which agrees with a low gelatinization ΔH observed. The SBCS:DRG 1:0 FFS without glycerol did not form films; however, DRG addition allows film formation. It was also found that glycerol addition reduced tensile strength to 10.3 MPa, from 41.3 MPa. The lowest water vapor permeability was found in films with 1:1 SBCS:DRG and 0.1 %(w/v) vanillin. This formulation was used to coat D'Anjou pears. This coating conserved the pears' color for 24 days while the control ones started to get a brown color on day 6. Based on the results obtained, FFS elaborated with 1:1 SBCS:DRG and 0.1 %(w/v) vanillin had potential use as edible film material for coating on climacteric fruits preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Chel-Guerrero
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte, Kilómetro 33.5 Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Mérida, Yucatán C.P. 97203, Mexico
| | - David Betancur-Ancona
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte, Kilómetro 33.5 Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Mérida, Yucatán C.P. 97203, Mexico
| | - Manuel Aguilar-Vega
- Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 #130 entre 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán C.P. 97205, Mexico
| | - Wilbert Rodríguez-Canto
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Periférico Norte, Kilómetro 33.5 Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, Mérida, Yucatán C.P. 97203, Mexico.
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9
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Shanbhag C, Shenoy R, Shetty P, Srinivasulu M, Nayak R. Formulation and characterization of starch-based novel biodegradable edible films for food packaging. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:2858-2867. [PMID: 37711571 PMCID: PMC10497475 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum-based plastics were widely used as packaging materials. However, plastic materials were not reusable and biodegradable, causing a severe negative impact on the environment. Edible films can be a suitable alternative to plastic films, particularly in food packaging. This research work prepared edible films containing blends of cornstarch, arrowroot powder, refined wheat flour, vinegar, and glycerol. Arrowroot powder added strength and nutritional value to the films. Glycerol, as a plasticiser, improved the flexibility of films. The combination of vinegar and glycerol increased the film's strength. The characteristic properties of prepared films, like thickness, bursting strength, moisture content, transparency, water-solubility, water vapour permeability, tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus, were analysed. The thermal stability of the films was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The films were characterised by FTIR spectroscopy, and their surface morphology was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. The prepared films exhibited excellent properties suitable for food packaging. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05803-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetana Shanbhag
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ramnath Shenoy
- Department of Humanities and Management, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Prakasha Shetty
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
- Department of Chemistry, Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moodbidri, Karnataka 574225 India
| | - M. Srinivasulu
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ramakrishna Nayak
- Department of Humanities and Management, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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10
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Jumaidin R, Whang LY, Ilyas RA, Hazrati KZ, Hafila KZ, Jamal T, Alia RA. Effect of durian peel fiber on thermal, mechanical, and biodegradation characteristics of thermoplastic cassava starch composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126295. [PMID: 37573912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
This study is focused on developing and enhancing the properties of durian peel fiber (DPF) reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) composites. The proposed DPF was extracted from agro-waste and incorporated into TPCS with various contents of DPF (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) via compression molding. The mechanical and thermal characteristics of the fabricated composites were studied. The thermal properties of the biocomposite were improved with the addition of DPF, as evidenced by an increase in the material's thermal stability and indicated by a higher onset decomposition temperature. The integration of DPF into TPCS improved the biodegradation rate process of the composites. Besides, the results indicated that incorporating DPF in TPCS composites enhanced tensile and flexural properties, with a 40 wt% DPF content exhibited the highest modulus and strength. The tensile and flexural strengths of TPCS/DPF composites were raised significantly from 2.96 to 21.89 MPa and 2.5 to 35.0 MPa, respectively, compared to the control TPCS sample, as DPF increased from 0 to 40 wt%. This finding was consistent with Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron micrograph (SEM), which showed good interaction between DPF and TPCS matrix. The analysis revealed that DPF at a 40 wt% ratio was the best composition compared to the other ratio. Finally, based on improved results, DPF was identified as a potential resource of green reinforcement for the biodegradable TPCS matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.
| | - Low Yong Whang
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - R A Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - K Z Hazrati
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K Z Hafila
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah, Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tarique Jamal
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R A Alia
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Technology Innovation Institute, P.O. Box: 9639, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Woszczak L, Khachatryan K, Krystyjan M, Witczak T, Witczak M, Gałkowska D, Makarewicz M, Khachatryan G. Physicochemical and Functional Properties and Storage Stability of Chitosan-Starch Films Containing Micellar Nano/Microstructures with Turmeric and Hibiscus Extracts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12218. [PMID: 37569594 PMCID: PMC10418456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic development of the food industry and the growing interest of consumers in innovative solutions that increase the comfort and quality of life push the industry towards seeking pioneering solutions in the field of food packaging. Intelligent and active packaging, which affects the quality and durability of food products and allows one to determine their freshness, is still a modern concept. The aim of our study was to obtain two types of films based on chitosan and starch with micellar nanostructures containing extracts from turmeric rhizomes and hibiscus flowers. The presence of spherical nanostructures was confirmed using a scanning electron microscope. The structural and optical properties of the obtained composites were characterised by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), UltraViolet-Visible (UV-VIS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed the presence of spherical micellar structures with a size of about 800 nm in the obtained biocomposites. The presence of nano-/microstructures containing extracts affected the mechanical properties of the composites: it weakened the strength of the films and improved their elongation at break (EAB). Films with nano-/microparticles were characterised by a higher water content compared to the control sample and lower solubility, and they showed stronger hydrophilic properties. Preliminary storage tests showed that the obtained biocomposites are sensitive to changes occurring during the storage of products such as cheese or fish. In addition, it was found that the film with the addition of turmeric extract inhibited the growth of microorganisms during storage. The results suggest that the obtained bionanocomposites can be used as active and/or intelligent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Woszczak
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka Street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland; (L.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Karen Khachatryan
- Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka Street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland; (L.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Magdalena Krystyjan
- Department of Carbohydrates Technology and Cereal Processing, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka Street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Teresa Witczak
- Department of Engineering and Machinery for Food Industry, University of Agriculture, Balicka Street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland; (T.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Mariusz Witczak
- Department of Engineering and Machinery for Food Industry, University of Agriculture, Balicka Street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland; (T.W.); (M.W.)
| | - Dorota Gałkowska
- Department of Food Quality Analysis and Assessment, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka Street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Makarewicz
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka Street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Gohar Khachatryan
- Department of Food Quality Analysis and Assessment, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka Street 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland;
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12
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Influence of Sulfododecenylsuccinylation on the Adhesion to Fibers and Film Properties of Corn Starch for Warp Sizing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061495. [PMID: 36987275 PMCID: PMC10051137 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the film brittleness and adhesion to fibers of dodecenylsuccinated starch (DSS), DSS samples were sulfonated with excess NaHSO3 to prepare a series of sulfododecenylsuccinated starch (SDSS) samples with different degrees of substitution (DS). Their adhesion to fibers, surface tensions, film tensile properties and crystallinities, and moisture regains were studied. The results showed that the SDSS was superior to DSS and acid-thinned starch (ATS) in the adhesion to cotton and polyester fibers and breaking elongation of film but was inferior to them in tensile strength and degree of crystallinity of film, which revealed that sulfododecenylsuccination could further improve the adhesion of ATS to both fibers and reduce its film brittleness compared to starch dodecenylsuccination. With the increase in the DS, the adhesion to both fibers and the film elongation of SDSS gradually increased and then decreased, while its film strength consistently decreased. Considering adhesion and film properties, the SDSS samples with a DS range of 0.024-0.030 were recommended.
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13
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Fabrication of starch-based packaging materials. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This chapter aims to provide the reader with some information about the possibility of starch as a suitable substitute for synthetic polymers in biodegradable food packaging. This is due to the starch has good characteristics which are great biodegradability, low cost and also easy to gain from natural resources. However, some of technical challenges are also introduced before starch-based polymers can be used in more applications. These technical challenges involved preparation methods and incorporation of additives and these are being summarized in this topic. Hence, the enhancement of starch can be done in order to prepare innovative starch-based biodegradable materials.
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14
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Yang Z, Tong F, Peng Z, Wang L, Zhu L, Jiang W, Xiong G, Zheng M, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Development of colorimetric/Fluorescent two-channel intelligent response labels to monitor shrimp freshness. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Wang X, Jin Y, Cheng L, Li Z, Li C, Ban X, Gu Z, Hong Y. Pasting properties and multi-scale structures of Spirodela starch and its comparison with normal corn and rice starch. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Abotbina W, Sapuan SM, Ilyas RA, Sultan MTH, Alkbir MFM, Sulaiman S, Harussani MM, Bayraktar E. Recent Developments in Cassava ( Manihot esculenta) Based Biocomposites and Their Potential Industrial Applications: A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6992. [PMID: 36234333 PMCID: PMC9571773 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid use of petroleum resources coupled with increased awareness of global environmental problems associated with the use of petroleum-based plastics is a major driving force in the acceptance of natural fibers and biopolymers as green materials. Because of their environmentally friendly and sustainable nature, natural fibers and biopolymers have gained significant attention from scientists and industries. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a plant that has various purposes for use. It is the primary source of food in many countries and is also used in the production of biocomposites, biopolymers, and biofibers. Starch from cassava can be plasticized, reinforced with fibers, or blended with other polymers to strengthen their properties. Besides that, it is currently used as a raw material for bioethanol and renewable energy production. This comprehensive review paper explains the latest developments in bioethanol compounds from cassava and gives a detailed report on macro and nano-sized cassava fibers and starch, and their fabrication as blend polymers, biocomposites, and hybrid composites. The review also highlights the potential utilization of cassava fibers and biopolymers for industrial applications such as food, bioenergy, packaging, automotive, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Abotbina
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- Sustainable Waste Management Research Group (SWAM), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. T. H. Sultan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. F. M. Alkbir
- Advanced Facilities Engineering Technology Research Cluster, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology (MITEC), University Kuala Lumpur, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam, Masai 81750, Johor, Malaysia
- Facilities Maintenance Engineering Section, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology (MITEC), Universitiy Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru 81750, Johor, Malaysia
| | - S. Sulaiman
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. M. Harussani
- Energy Science and Engineering, Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro 152-8552, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emin Bayraktar
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, ISAE-SUPMECA Institute of Mechanics of Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France
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17
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Ilyas RA, Sapuan SM, Bayraktar E. Bio and Synthetic Based Polymer Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183778. [PMID: 36145924 PMCID: PMC9503542 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - S. M. Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Emin Bayraktar
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, ISAE-SUPMECA Institute of Mechanics of Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France
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18
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Intensifying the moderate electric field-induced modification of maize starch by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Jumaidin R, Abdul Rahman AH, Sapuan SM, Rushdan AI. Effect of sugarcane bagasse on thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic cassava starch/beeswax composites. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The demand for biodegradable material has been an important issue, especially in food packaging applications. Among many biodegradable materials, starch biopolymer has been recognised as a completely biodegradable material that can be produced from various plants. It is one of the richest resources that are renewable, biodegradable, and available at low cost. However, starch biopolymers are often associated with poor mechanical properties. Hence, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the mechanical and thermal characteristics of sugarcane bagasse fibre (SBF) reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS), which was prior modified with beeswax (BW). It was found that the mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strength have improved significantly with the incorporation of SBF loading into the TPCS/BW matrix. The highest tensile strength (12.2 MPa) and modulus (2222.6 MPa) were exhibit by sample with 20 wt% SBF loading and further increment of fibre led to decrease in the strength of the materials. The thermal properties showed that higher SBF loading resulted in improved thermal stability of the material, i.e., higher glass transition and melting temperature than the polymer matrix. Overall, SBF has shown good potential as a reinforcing material which is able to improve the functional characteristics of TPCS/BW as a new potential biodegradable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhwan Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka , Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal , Melaka , Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Malaysia
| | - Amirul Hazim Abdul Rahman
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka , Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal , Melaka , Malaysia
| | - Salit Mohd Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composite Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Ilyas Rushdan
- Sustainable Waste Management Research Group (SWAM), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , 81310 UTM Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , 81310 UTM Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
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20
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Falua KJ, Pokharel A, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Ai Y, Acharya B. Valorization of Starch to Biobased Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112215. [PMID: 35683888 PMCID: PMC9183024 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many concerns are being expressed about the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and long-term viability of polymer-based substances. This prompted the quest for an alternative source of material that could be utilized for various purposes. Starch is widely used as a thickener, emulsifier, and binder in many food and non-food sectors, but research focuses on increasing its application beyond these areas. Due to its biodegradability, low cost, renewability, and abundance, starch is considered a "green path" raw material for generating porous substances such as aerogels, biofoams, and bioplastics, which have sparked an academic interest. Existing research has focused on strategies for developing biomaterials from organic polymers (e.g., cellulose), but there has been little research on its polysaccharide counterpart (starch). This review paper highlighted the structure of starch, the context of amylose and amylopectin, and the extraction and modification of starch with their processes and limitations. Moreover, this paper describes nanofillers, intelligent pH-sensitive films, biofoams, aerogels of various types, bioplastics, and their precursors, including drying and manufacturing. The perspectives reveal the great potential of starch-based biomaterials in food, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and non-food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Department of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin PMB 1515, Nigeria
| | - Anamol Pokharel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
| | - Yongfeng Ai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada; (K.J.F.); (A.P.); (A.B.-G.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Vonnie JM, Rovina K, Azhar RA, Huda N, Erna KH, Felicia WXL, Nur’Aqilah MN, Halid NFA. Development and Characterization of the Biodegradable Film Derived from Eggshell and Cornstarch. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13020067. [PMID: 35735922 PMCID: PMC9224871 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, cornstarch (CS) and eggshell powder (ESP) were combined using a casting technique to develop a biodegradable film that was further morphologically and physicochemically characterized using standard methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the morphology of the ESP/CS film, and the surface of the film was found to have a smooth structure with no cracks, a spherical and porous irregular shape, and visible phase separation, which explains their large surface area. In addition, the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicated that the ESP particles were made of calcium carbonate and the ESP contained carbon in the graphite form. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy indicated the presence of carbonated minerals in the ESP/CS film which shows that ESP/CS film might serve as a promising adsorbent. Due to the inductive effect of the O–C–O bond on calcium carbonate in the eggshell, it was discovered that the ESP/CS film significantly improves physical properties, moisture content, swelling power, water solubility, and water absorption compared to the control CS film. The enhancement of the physicochemical properties of the ESP/CS film was principally due to the intra and intermolecular interactions between ESP and CS molecules. As a result, this film can potentially be used as a synergistic adsorbent for various target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Merillyn Vonnie
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (R.A.A.); (N.H.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Kobun Rovina
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (R.A.A.); (N.H.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (M.N.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-88-320000 (ext. 8713); Fax: +60-88-320993
| | - Rasnarisa Awatif Azhar
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (R.A.A.); (N.H.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Nurul Huda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (R.A.A.); (N.H.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Kana Husna Erna
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (R.A.A.); (N.H.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Wen Xia Ling Felicia
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (R.A.A.); (N.H.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Md Nasir Nur’Aqilah
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (J.M.V.); (R.A.A.); (N.H.); (K.H.E.); (W.X.L.F.); (M.N.N.)
| | - Nur Fatihah Abdul Halid
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
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