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Jagaba AH, Lawal IM, Ghfar AA, Usman AK, Yaro NSA, Noor A, Abioye KJ, Birniwa AH. Biochar-based geopolymer nanocomposite for COD and phenol removal from agro-industrial biorefinery wastewater: Kinetic modelling, microbial community, and optimization by response surface methodology. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139620. [PMID: 37524265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Agro-industrial biorefinery effluent (AIBW) is considered a highly polluting source responsible for environmental contamination. It contains high loads of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and phenol, with several other organic and inorganic constituents. Thus, an economic treatment approach is required for the sustainable discharge of the effluent. The long-term process performance, contaminant removal and microbial response of AIBW to rice straw-based biochar (RSB) and biochar-based geopolymer nanocomposite (BGC) as biosorbents in an activated sludge process were investigated. The adsorbents operated in an extended aeration system with a varied hydraulic retention time of between 0.5 and 1.5 d and an AIBW concentration of 40-100% for COD and phenol removal under standard conditions. Response surface methodology was utilised to optimize the process variables of the bioreactor system. Process results indicated a significant reduction of COD (79.51%, 98.01%) and phenol (61.94%, 74.44%) for BEAS and GEAS bioreactors respectively, at 1 d HRT and AIBW of 70%. Kinetic model analysis indicated that the Stover-Kincannon model best describes the system functionality, while the Grau model was better in predicting substrate removal rate and both with a precision of between R2 (0.9008-0.9988). Microbial communities examined indicated the abundance of genera, following the biosorbent addition, while RSB and BGC had no negative effect on the bioreactor's performance and bacterial community structure of biomass. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were abundant in BEAS. While the GEAS achieved higher COD and phenol removal due to high Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, Comamonas, Methanomethylovorans and Acinetobacter abundance in the activated sludge. Thus, this study demonstrated that the combination of biosorption and activated sludge processes could be promising, highly efficient, and most economical for AIBW treatment, without jeopardising the elimination of pollutants or the development of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.
| | - Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ayman A Ghfar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, 810107, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Azmatullah Noor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Kunmi Joshua Abioye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Aziz IHA, Abdullah MMAB, Razak RA, Yahya Z, Salleh MAAM, Chaiprapa J, Rojviriya C, Vizureanu P, Sandu AV, Tahir MF, Abdullah A, Jamaludin L. Mechanical Performance, Microstructure, and Porosity Evolution of Fly Ash Geopolymer after Ten Years of Curing Age. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1096. [PMID: 36770104 PMCID: PMC9921438 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper elucidates the mechanical performance, microstructure, and porosity evolution of fly ash geopolymer after 10 years of curing age. Given their wide range of applications, understanding the microstructure of geopolymers is critical for their long-term use. The outcome of fly ash geopolymer on mechanical performance and microstructural characteristics was compared between 28 days of curing (FA28D) and after 10 years of curing age (FA10Y) at similar mixing designs. The results of this work reveal that the FA10Y has a beneficial effect on strength development and denser microstructure compared to FA28D. The total porosity of FA10Y was also lower than FA28D due to the anorthite formation resulting in the compacted matrix. After 10 years of curing age, the 3D pore distribution showed a considerable decrease in the range of 5-30 µm with the formation of isolated and intergranular holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikmal Hakem A. Aziz
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Rafiza Abd Razak
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Zarina Yahya
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Jitrin Chaiprapa
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Catleya Rojviriya
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Victor Sandu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Muhammad FaheemMohd Tahir
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Alida Abdullah
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Liyana Jamaludin
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
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Jagaba AH, Kutty SRM, Abubakar S, Birniwa AH, Lawal IM, Umaru I, Usman AK, Yaro NSA, Al-Zaqri N, Al-Maswari BM, Ibrahim MNM, Hussain F. Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Waste Sludge Biochar for COD and Color Removal from Agro-Industrial Effluent. SEPARATIONS 2022; 9:258. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Agro-waste management processes are evolving through the development of novel experimental approaches to understand the mechanisms in reducing their pollution levels efficiently and economically from industrial effluents. Agro-industrial effluent (AIE) from biorefineries that contain high concentrations of COD and color are discharged into the ecosystem. Thus, the AIE from these biorefineries requires treatment prior to discharge. Therefore, the effectiveness of a continuous flow bioreactor system (CFBS) in the treatment of AIE using hybrid waste sludge biochar (HWSB) was investigated. The use of a bioreactor with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1–3 days and AIE concentrations of 10–50% was used in experiments based on a statistical design. AIE concentration and HRT were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) as the process variables. The performance of CFBS was analyzed in terms of COD and color removal. Findings indicated 76.52% and 66.97% reduction in COD and color, respectively. During biokinetic studies, the modified Stover models were found to be perfectly suited for the observed measurements with R2 values 0.9741 attained for COD. Maximum contaminants elimination was attained at 30% AIE and 2-day HRT. Thus, this study proves that the HWSB made from biomass waste can potentially help preserve nonrenewable resources and promote zero-waste attainment and principles of circular economy.
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