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Kang H, Fan T, Lin Z, Shi Y, Xie X, Li L, Xiang S, Yuan X, Li X, Li B, Chai A. Development of chitosan/carrageenan macrobeads for encapsulation of Paenibacillus polymyxa and its biocontrol efficiency against clubroot disease in Brassica crops. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130323. [PMID: 38387628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most important diseases of brassicas. The antagonistic bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa ZF129 can suppress clubroot while its effectiveness is often unstable. To control clubroot more effectively, the macrobeads for controlled release of ZF129 were prepared using microencapsulation technology. Macrobeads with various ratios of chitosan (2 % w/w): carrageenan (0.3 % w/v) were prepared by an ionotropic gelation method and the bacteria ZF129 was loaded into macrobeads. The 1:1 chitosan: carrageenan showed the maximum swelling ratio (634 %), and the maximum survival rate (61.52 ± 1.12 %) after freeze-drying. Fourier transform infrared revealed the electrostatic interactions between chitosan and carrageenan. The macrobeads can efficiently release ZF129 strains into phosphate buffer solution and reach equilibrium in 48 h. The maximum number of bacteria cells to be released in the soil was observed after 25-30 days. The control efficacy of ZF129 macrobeads (chitosan: carrageenan, 1:1) and ZF129 culture against clubroot disease was 76.33 ± 3.65 % and 59.76 ± 4.43 % in greenhouse experiments, respectively and the control efficacy was calculated as 60.74 ± 5.00 % for ZF129 macrobeads and 40.94 ± 4.05 % for ZF129 culture under field experiments, respectively. The ZF129 macrobeads had significant growth-promoting effects on pak choi and Chinese cabbage. The encapsulation method described in this study is a prudent approach toward efficient biopesticides utilization with reduced environmental implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tengfei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zihan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuewen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sheng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaowei Yuan
- Huasheng Seed Group Co., LTD, Qingzhou 262500, China
| | - Xingsheng Li
- Huasheng Seed Group Co., LTD, Qingzhou 262500, China
| | - Baoju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Ali Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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James J, Verma M, Sharma N. Nanotechnology-driven improvisation of red algae-derived carrageenan for industrial and bio-medical applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:4. [PMID: 37923917 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Algae biomass has been recognized as feedstock with diverse application including production of biofuel, biofertilizer, animal feed, wastewater treatment and bioremediation. In addition, algae species are a potential reservoir of metabolites and polymers with potential to be utilized for biomedicine, healthcare and industrial purposes. Carrageenan is one such medicinally and industrially significant polysaccharide which is extracted from red algae species (Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum, among the common species). The extraction process of carrageenan is affected by different environmental factors and the source of biomass, which can vary and significantly impact the yield. Diverse applications of carrageenan include hydrogel beads, bio-composites, pharmacological properties, application in cosmetics, food and related industries. Carrageenan biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities are significantly influenced by sulfation pattern, yield percentage and molecular weight. In addition to natural biomedical potential of carrageenan, synergetic effect of carrageenan- nanocomposites exhibit potential for further improvisation of biomedical applications. Nanotechnology driven bio-composites of carrageenan remarkably improve the quality of films, food packaging, and drug delivery systems. Such nano bio-composites exhibit enhanced stability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, making them suitable alternatives for drug delivery, wound-healing, and tissue engineering applications. The present work is a comprehensive study to analyze biomedical and other applications of Carrageenan along with underlying mechanism or mode of action along with synergetic application of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerin James
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Monu Verma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
- Water-Energy Nexus Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, South Korea
| | - Nishesh Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.
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Kumar R, Nehra M, Kumar D, Saharan BS, Chawla P, Sadh PK, Manuja A, Duhan JS. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Release Behavior and Phytopathogens Control by Mancozeb-Loaded Guar Gum Nanoemulsions for Sustainable Agriculture. J Xenobiot 2023; 13:270-283. [PMID: 37367496 DOI: 10.3390/jox13020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical fungicides are the backbone of modern agriculture, but an alternative formulation is necessary for sustainable crop production to address human health issues and soil/water environmental pollution. So, a green chemistry approach was used to form guar gum nanoemulsions (NEs) of 186.5-394.1 nm containing the chemical fungicide mancozeb and was characterized using various physio-chemical techniques. An 84.5% inhibition was shown by 1.5 mg/mL mancozeb-loaded NEs (GG-1.5) against A. alternata, comparable to commercial mancozeb (86.5 ± 0.7%). The highest mycelial inhibition was exhibited against S. lycopersici and S. sclerotiorum. In tomatoes and potatoes, NEs showed superior antifungal efficacy in pot conditions besides plant growth parameters (germination percentage, root/shoot ratio and dry biomass). About 98% of the commercial mancozeb was released in just two h, while only about 43% of mancozeb was released from nanoemulsions (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5) for the same time. The most significant results for cell viability were seen at 1.0 mg/mL concentration of treatment, where wide gaps in cell viability were observed for commercial mancozeb (21.67%) and NEs treatments (63.83-71.88%). Thus, this study may help to combat the soil and water pollution menace of harmful chemical pesticides besides protecting vegetable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, India
| | - Manju Nehra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, India
| | - Dharmender Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India
| | - Baljeet Singh Saharan
- Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Prince Chawla
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144411, India
| | - Pardeep Kumar Sadh
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, India
| | - Anju Manuja
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar 125001, India
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Saberi Riseh R, Hassanisaadi M, Vatankhah M, Soroush F, Varma RS. Nano/microencapsulation of plant biocontrol agents by chitosan, alginate, and other important biopolymers as a novel strategy for alleviating plant biotic stresses. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1589-1604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lin G, Gao J, Shang S, Zhang H, Luo Q, Wu Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Sun Y. 1-Tetradecanol, Diethyl Phthalate and Tween 80 Assist in the Formation of Thermo-Responsive Azoxystrobin Nanoparticles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227959. [PMID: 36432063 PMCID: PMC9694888 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of crop fungal diseases is closely related to warm environmental conditions. In order to control the release of fungicides in response to warm conditions, and enhance the efficacy, a series of thermo-responsive fungicide-loaded nanoparticles were developed. The fungicide azoxystrobin, solvent DEP, emulsifier Tween 80 and thermo-responsive component TDA were combined to create thermal-response oil phases, conditions for emulsification were then optimized. LDLS, zeta potential, FTIR, DSC, TGA, XRD, SEM and antifungal efficacy assays were carried out to investigate the characteristics and forming mechanism. The results indicated that the formula with 5 g azoxystrobin, 10 mL DEP, 6 mL Tween 80 and 2.5 g TDA constructed the proposed oil phase with the ability to transform from solid at 20 °C to softerned at 31.5 °C. Both DEP and TDA played key roles in interfering with the crystallization of azoxystrobin. The optimal T3t-c12 nanoparticles had a mean particle size of 162.1 nm, thermo-responsive morphological transformation between 20 °C and 30 °C, AZO crystal reforming after drying, the ability to attach to fungal spores and satisfied antifungal efficacy against P. nicotiana PNgz07 and A. niger A1513 at 30 °C. This report provides referable technical support for the construction of smart-release nanoparticles of other agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Lin
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Juntao Gao
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shenghua Shang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Huanbo Zhang
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Qiangke Luo
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yutong Wu
- Qianjiang College, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Chemical and Biological Processing Technology of Farm Product, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-571-85-07-0340 (Y.L.); +86-851-84-11-6909 (X.C.); +86-571-28-86-6963 (Y.S.)
| | - Xingjiang Chen
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-571-85-07-0340 (Y.L.); +86-851-84-11-6909 (X.C.); +86-571-28-86-6963 (Y.S.)
| | - Yan Sun
- Qianjiang College, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-571-85-07-0340 (Y.L.); +86-851-84-11-6909 (X.C.); +86-571-28-86-6963 (Y.S.)
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Kumar R, Kumar N, Rajput VD, Mandzhieva S, Minkina T, Saharan BS, Kumar D, Sadh PK, Duhan JS. Advances in Biopolymeric Nanopesticides: A New Eco-Friendly/Eco-Protective Perspective in Precision Agriculture. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12223964. [PMID: 36432250 PMCID: PMC9692690 DOI: 10.3390/nano12223964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are essential to contemporary agriculture and are required to safeguard plants from hazardous pests, diseases, and weeds. In addition to harming the environment, overusing these pesticides causes pests to become resistant over time. Alternative methods and agrochemicals are therefore required to combat resistance. A potential solution to pesticide resistance and other issues may be found in nanotechnology. Due to their small size, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, and ability to offer novel crop protection techniques, nanoformulations, primarily biopolymer-based ones, can address specific agricultural concerns. Several biopolymers can be employed to load pesticides, including starch, cellulose, chitosan, pectin, agar, and alginate. Other biopolymeric nanomaterials can load pesticides for targeted delivery, including gums, carrageenan, galactomannans, and tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP). Aside from presenting other benefits, such as reduced toxicity, increased stability/shelf life, and improved pesticide solubility, biopolymeric systems are also cost-effective; readily available; biocompatible; biodegradable; and biosafe (i.e., releasing associated active compounds gradually, without endangering the environment) and have a low carbon footprint. Additionally, biopolymeric nanoformulations support plant growth while improving soil aeration and microbial activity, which may favor the environment. The present review provides a thorough analysis of the toxicity and release behavior of biopolymeric nanopesticides for targeted delivery in precision crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Mandi 175002, India
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology, and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Saglara Mandzhieva
- Academy of Biology, and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology, and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Baljeet Singh Saharan
- Department of Microbiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | | | - Pardeep Kumar Sadh
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, India
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Kumar R, Nain V, Duhan JS. An Ecological Approach to Control Pathogens of Lycopersicon esculentum L. by Slow Release of Mancozeb from Biopolymeric Conjugated Nanoparticles. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:329-343. [PMID: 36412767 PMCID: PMC9680232 DOI: 10.3390/jox12040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To control insects, weeds, and infections in crops, old-fashioned pesticide formulations (with massive quantities of heavy metals and a variety of chemicals) are used. By biological amplification via the food chain, many of these established pesticide formulations have accumulated in living systems and caused environmental pollution. To form a nanoparticulate matrix with a diameter ranging from 322.2 ± 0.9 to 403.7 ± 0.7 nm, mancozeb was embedded in chitosan-gum acacia (CSGA) biopolymers and loadings were confirmed via TEM and FTIR. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses were carried out as part of the investigation. Inhibition of Alternaria alternata by nanoparticles (NPs) with 1.0 mg/mL mancozeb (CSGA-1.0) was 85.2 ± 0.7 % at 0.5 ppm, whereas for Stemphylium lycopersici it was 62.1 ± 0.7% in the mycelium inhibition method. NPs demonstrated antimicrobial action in pot house environments. After ten hours, the mancozeb was liberated from the nanoformulations due to polymer matrix diffusion and relaxation, compared to 2 h for commercial mancozeb. Even while drug-loaded conjugated nanoparticles have equivalent antifungal activities, they have a lower release rate and, hence, reduced toxicology compared to commercial mancozeb. Therefore, this method can be employed to implement sustainable farming techniques in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, India
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (J.S.D.); Tel.: +91-9416072588 (R.K.); +91-9416725009 (J.S.D.)
| | - Vikash Nain
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, India
| | - Joginder Singh Duhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, India
- Correspondence: (R.K.); (J.S.D.); Tel.: +91-9416072588 (R.K.); +91-9416725009 (J.S.D.)
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Guerrero DS, Bertani RP, Ledesma A, Frías MDLA, Romero CM, Dávila Costa JS. Silver nanoparticles synthesized by the heavy metal resistant strain Amycolatopsis tucumanensis and its application in controlling red strip disease in sugarcane. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09472. [PMID: 35615433 PMCID: PMC9124708 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of bioethanol and sugar from sugarcane is an important economic activity in several countries. Sugarcane is susceptible to different phytopathogens. Over the last years, the red stripe disease caused by the bacterium Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae produced significant losses in sugarcane crops. Bio-nanotechnology emerged as an eco-friendly alternative to the biosynthesis of antimicrobial molecules. The aims of this study were to (a) produce extracellular silver nanoparticles using the heavy metal resistant strain Amycolatopsis tucumanensis, (b) evaluate their antibacterial in vitro effect and (c) determine the potential of silver nanoparticles to protect sugarcane against red stripe disease. Amycolatopsis tucumanensis synthesized spherical silver nanoparticles with an average size of 35 nm. Nanoparticles were able to control the growth of A. avenae subsp. avenae in in vitro assays. In addition, in vivo assays in sugarcane showed a control upon the red stripe disease when silver nanoparticles were applied as preventive treatment. The Disease Severity Index was 28.94% when silver nanoparticles were applied 3 days before inoculation with A. avenae subsp. avenae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of silver nanoparticles extracellularly synthesized by an Amycolatopsis strain that were able to inhibited the growth of A. avenae subsp. avenae and control the red stripe disease in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana S. Guerrero
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos- (PROIMI-CONICET), Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Romina P. Bertani
- Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres – Sección Fitopatología, Av. William Cross 3150, T4101 XAC, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ana Ledesma
- Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos (CIBAAL-UNSE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, R N Nº 9, Km 1125, El Zanjon, 4206, Santiago del Estero, Argentina
- Departamento Académico de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologías, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Av. Belgrano Sur 1912, 4200, Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - M. de los Angeles Frías
- Centro de Investigación en Biofísica Aplicada y Alimentos (CIBAAL-UNSE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, R N Nº 9, Km 1125, El Zanjon, 4206, Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Cintia M. Romero
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos- (PROIMI-CONICET), Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Ayacucho 471, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - José S. Dávila Costa
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos- (PROIMI-CONICET), Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, T4001 MVB, Tucumán, Argentina
- Corresponding author.
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Toxicity Assessment and Control of Early Blight and Stem Rot of Solanum tuberosum L. by Mancozeb-Loaded Chitosan–Gum Acacia Nanocomposites. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:74-90. [PMID: 35466214 PMCID: PMC9036208 DOI: 10.3390/jox12020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers such as chitosan and gum acacia are used for nanotechnological applications due to their biosafety and ecofriendly nature. The commercial fungicide mancozeb (M) was loaded into chitosan–gum acacia (CSGA) polymers to form nanocomposite (NC) CSGA-M (mancozeb-loaded) measuring 363.6 nm via the ionic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation method. The physico-chemical study of nano CSGA-M was accomplished using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Nano CSGA-M-1.0 (containing 1.0 mg/mL mancozeb) at 1.5 ppm demonstrated a maximum inhibition (83.8 ± 0.7%) against Alternaria solani, while Sclerotinia sclerotiorum exhibited a 100% inhibition at 1.0 and 1.5 ppm through the mycelium inhibition method. Commercial mancozeb showed an inhibition of 84.6 ± 0% and 100%, respectively, for both fungi. In pot house conditions, NCs were found to exhibit good antimicrobial activity. Disease control efficiency (DCE, in %) in pathogen-treated plants for CSGA-M-1.0 was 64.6 ± 5.0 and 60.2 ± 1.4% against early blight and stem rot diseases, respectively. NCs showed lower cytotoxicity than commercial mancozeb at the given concentration. In conclusion, both in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy for nano CSGA-M was found to be quite comparable but less toxic than mancozeb to Vero cell lines; thus, in the future, this formulation may be used for sustainable agriculture.
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