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Bouhaj Y, Sair S, Ait Ousaleh H, Amadine O, Maati H, Zahouily M, Faik A, El Bouari A. Design and development of a highly efficient reusable zeolite impregnated ZnAl 2O 4 catalyst for biodiesel production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:86773-86789. [PMID: 37410326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
As the demand for sustainable energy sources expands, the production of biodiesel has attracted great attention. The development of effective and ecologically friendly biodiesel catalysts has become an urgent need. In this context, the goal of this study is to develop a composite solid catalyst with enhanced efficiency, reusability, and reduced environmental impact. For that, eco-friendly, and reusable composite solid catalysts have been designed by impregnating different amounts of zinc aluminate into a zeolite matrix (ZnAl2O4@Zeolite). Structural and morphological characterizations confirmed the successful impregnation of zinc aluminate into the zeolite porous structure. Catalytic experiments revealed that the catalyst containing 15 wt% ZnAl2O4 showed the highest conversion activity of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of 99% under optimized reaction conditions, including 8 wt% catalyst, a molar ratio of 10:1 methanol to oil, a temperature of 100 °C, and 3 h of reaction time. The developed catalyst demonstrated high thermal and chemical stability, maintaining good catalytic activity even after five cycles. Furthermore, the produced biodiesel quality assessment has demonstrated good properties in compliance with the criteria of the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM-D6751 and the European Standard EN14214. Overall, the findings of this study could have a significant impact on the commercial production of biodiesel by offering an efficient and environmentally friendly reusable catalyst, ultimately reducing the cost of biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Bouhaj
- Laboratory of Physical-Chemistry of Materials and Catalysis (LPCMC), Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sik, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials for Sustainable Energy Technologies (LIMSET), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Said Sair
- MAScIR Foundation, VARENA Center, Rabat Design, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat Al Irfane, 10100, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Hanane Ait Ousaleh
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials for Sustainable Energy Technologies (LIMSET), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Othmane Amadine
- MAScIR Foundation, VARENA Center, Rabat Design, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat Al Irfane, 10100, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Houda Maati
- MAScIR Foundation, VARENA Center, Rabat Design, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat Al Irfane, 10100, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Zahouily
- MAScIR Foundation, VARENA Center, Rabat Design, Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Madinat Al Irfane, 10100, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis and Valorization of Natural Resources, FST-Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdessamad Faik
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials for Sustainable Energy Technologies (LIMSET), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Abdeslam El Bouari
- Laboratory of Physical-Chemistry of Materials and Catalysis (LPCMC), Faculty of Sciences Ben M'sik, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
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Binhweel F, Ahmad MI, Zaki SA. Utilization of Polymeric Materials toward Sustainable Biodiesel Industry: A Recent Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193950. [PMID: 36235898 PMCID: PMC9572429 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodiesel industry is expanding rapidly in accordance with the high energy demand and environmental deterioration related to the combustion of fossil fuel. However, poor physicochemical properties and the malperformance of biodiesel fuel still concern the researchers. In this flow, polymers were introduced in biodiesel industry to overcome such drawbacks. This paper reviewed the current utilizations of polymers in biodiesel industry. Hence, four utilizing approaches were discussed, namely polymeric biodiesel, polymeric catalysts, cold-flow improvers (CFIs), and stabilized exposure materials. Hydroxyalkanoates methyl ester (HAME) and hydroxybutyrate methyl ester (HBME) are known as polymeric biodiesel sourced from carbon-enriched polymers with the help of microbial activity. Based on the literature, the highest HBME yield was 70.7% obtained at 10% H2SO4 ratio in methanol, 67 °C, and 50 h. With increasing time to 60 h, HAME highest yield was reported as 68%. In addition, polymers offer wide range of esterification/transesterification catalysts. Based on the source, this review classified polymeric catalysts as chemically, naturally, and waste derived polymeric catalysts. Those catalysts proved efficiency, non-toxicity, economic feasibility, and reusability till the 10th cycle for some polymeric composites. Besides catalysis, polymers proved efficiency to enhance the biodiesel flow-properties. The best effect reported in this review was an 11 °C reduction for the pour point (PP) of canola biodiesel at 1 wt% of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of B20 waste oil biodiesel at 0.08 wt% of EVA copolymer. Polymeric CFIs have the capability to modify biodiesel agglomeration and facilitate flowing. Lastly, polymers are utilized for storage tanks and auto parts products in direct contact with biodiesel. This approach is completely exclusive for polymers that showed stability toward biodiesel exposure, such as polyoxymethylene (POM) that showed insignificant change during static immersion test for 98 days at 55 °C. Indeed, the introduction of polymers has expanded in the biodiesel industry to promote green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozy Binhweel
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Mardiana Idayu Ahmad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.I.A.); (S.A.Z.)
| | - Sheikh Ahmad Zaki
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.I.A.); (S.A.Z.)
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