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Lee JH, Lim WB, Min JG, Lee JR, Kim JW, Bae JH, Huh PH. Synthesis of Room Temperature Curable Polymer Binder Mixed with Polymethyl Methacrylate and Urethane Acrylate for High-Strength and Improved Transparency. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1418. [PMID: 38794611 PMCID: PMC11125192 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Urethane acrylate (UA) was synthesized from various di-polyols, such as poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTMG, Mn = 1000), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, Mn = 1000), and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG, Mn = 1000), for use as a polymer binder for paint. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and UA were blended to form an acrylic resin with high transmittance and stress-strain curve. When PMMA was blended with UA, a network structure was formed due to physical entanglement between the two polymers, increasing the mechanical properties. UA was synthesized by forming a prepolymer using di-polyol and hexamethylene diisocyanate, which were chain structure monomers, and capping them with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate to provide an acryl group. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to observe the changes in functional groups, and gel permeation chromatography was used to confirm that the three series showed similar molecular weight and PDI values. The yellowing phenomenon that appears mainly in the curing reaction of the polymer binder was solved, and the mechanical properties according to the effects of the polyol used in the main chain were compared. The content of the blended UA was quantified using ultravioletvisible spectroscopy at a wavelength of 370 nm based on 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%, and the shear strength and tensile strength were evaluated using specimens in a suitable mode. The ratio for producing the polymer binder was optimized. The mechanical properties of the polymer binder with 5-10 wt% UA were improved in all series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ji-Hong Bae
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (W.-B.L.); (J.-G.M.); (J.-R.L.); (J.-W.K.)
| | - Pil-Ho Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.L.); (W.-B.L.); (J.-G.M.); (J.-R.L.); (J.-W.K.)
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Sponchiado R, Rosso S, Dal Fabbro P, Grigolato L, Elsayed H, Bernardo E, Maltauro M, Uccheddu F, Meneghello R, Concheri G, Savio G. Modeling Materials Coextrusion in Polymers Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:820. [PMID: 36676557 PMCID: PMC9863070 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Material extrusion additive manufacturing enables us to combine more materials in the same nozzle during the deposition process. This technology, called material coextrusion, generates an expanded range of material properties, which can gradually change in the design domain, ensuring blending or higher bonding/interlocking among the different materials. To exploit the opportunities offered by these technologies, it is necessary to know the behavior of the combined materials according to the materials fractions. In this work, two compatible pairs of materials, namely Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) and Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA)-TPU, were investigated by changing the material fractions in the coextrusion process. An original model describing the distribution of the materials is proposed. Based on this, the mechanical properties were investigated by analytical and numerical approaches. The analytical model was developed on the simplified assumption that the coextruded materials are a set of rods, whereas the more realistic numerical model is based on homogenization theory, adopting the finite element analysis of a representative volume element. To verify the deposition model, a specific experimental test was developed, and the modeled material deposition was superimposed and qualitatively compared with the actual microscope images regarding the different deposition directions and material fractions. The analytical and numerical models show similar trends, and it can be assumed that the finite element model has a more realistic behavior due to the higher accuracy of the model description. The elastic moduli obtained by the models was verified in experimental tensile tests. The tensile tests show Young's moduli of 3425 MPa for PLA, 1812 MPa for ASA, and 162 MPa for TPU. At the intermediate material fraction, the Young's modulus shows an almost linear trend between PLA and TPU and between ASA and TPU. The ultimate tensile strength values are 63.9 MPa for PLA, 35.7 MPa for ASA, and 63.5 MPa for TPU, whereas at the intermediate material fraction, they assume lower values. In this initial work, the results show a good agreement between models and experiments, providing useful tools for designers and contributing to a new branch in additive manufacturing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Sponchiado
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Rosso
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Pierandrea Dal Fabbro
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Grigolato
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Hamada Elsayed
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Enrico Bernardo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Maltauro
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Uccheddu
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Meneghello
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Concheri
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Savio
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
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The Dynamic Properties at Elevated Temperature of the Thermoplastic Polystyrene Matrix Modified with Nano-Alumina Powder and Thermoplastic Elastomer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163319. [PMID: 36015576 PMCID: PMC9413512 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance improvement of advanced electronic packaging material is an important topic to meet the stringent demands of modern semiconductor devices. This paper studies the incorporation of nano-alumina powder and thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) into thermoplastic polystyrene matrix to tune the thermal and mechanical properties after injection molding process. In the sample preparation, acetone was employed as a solvent to avoid the powder escape into surrounding during the mechanical mixing in a twin-screw mixer. The pressure and shear force were able to mix the composite with good uniformity in compositions. The samples with different compositions were fabricated using injection molding. The measured results showed that adding 5 wt.% of TPE into the simple polystyrene was able to raise the melt flow index from 12.3 to 13.4 g/10 min while the thermal decomposition temperature remained nearly unchanged. Moreover, the addition of small amount of nano-alumina powder could quickly improve the mechanical property by raising its storage modulus. For example, the addition of 3 wt.% of nano-alumina powder had an increase of 7.3% in storage modulus. Over doping of nano-alumina powder in the composite, such as 10 wt.%, on the other hand, lowered the storage modulus from 2404 MPa to 2069 MPa. The experimental study demonstrated that the tuning in the polystyrene’s thermal and mechanical properties is feasible by composition modification with nano-alumina powder and TPE. The better concentration of the additives should be determined according to the specific applications.
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Adrover-Monserrat B, García-Vilana S, Sánchez-Molina D, Llumà J, Jerez-Mesa R, Travieso-Rodriguez JA. Viscoelastic Characterization of a Thermoplastic Elastomer Processed through Material Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142914. [PMID: 35890690 PMCID: PMC9317395 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. We aim to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of Polyether-Block-Amide (PEBA 90A), provide reference values for the parameters of a constitutive model for the simulation of mechanical behaviors, and paying attention to the influence of the manufacturing conditions. Methods. Uniaxial relaxation tests of filaments of PEBA were used to determine the values of the parameters of a Prony series for a Quasi-Linear Visco-Elastic (QLVE) model. Additional, fast cyclic loading tests were used to corroborate the adequacy of the model under different test criteria in a second test situation. Results. The QLVE model predicts the results of the relaxation tests very accurately. In addition, the behavior inferred from this model fits very well with the measurements of fast cyclic loading tests. The viscoelastic behavior of PEBA under small strain polymer fits very well to a six-parameter QLVE model.
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