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Gallicchio V, Spinelli V, Russo T, Marino C, Spagnuolo G, Rengo C, De Santis R. Highly Reinforced Acrylic Resins for Hard Tissue Engineering and Their Suitability to Be Additively Manufactured through Nozzle-Based Photo-Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:37. [PMID: 38203891 PMCID: PMC10779947 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Mineralized connective tissues represent the hardest materials of human tissues, and polymer based composite materials are widely used to restore damaged tissues. In particular, light activated resins and composites are generally considered as the most popular choice in the restorative dental practice. The first purpose of this study is to investigate novel highly reinforced light activated particulate dental composites. An innovative additive manufacturing technique, based on the extrusion of particle reinforced photo-polymers, has been recently developed for processing composites with a filler fraction (w/w) only up to 10%. The second purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of 3D printing highly reinforced composites. A variety of composites based on 2,2-bis(acryloyloxymethyl)butyl acrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate reinforced with silica, titanium dioxide, and zirconia nanoparticles were designed and investigated through compression tests. The composite showing the highest mechanical properties was processed through the 3D bioplotter AK12 equipped with the Enfis Uno Air LED Engine. The composite showing the highest stiffness and strength was successfully processed through 3D printing, and a four-layer composite scaffold was realized. Mechanical properties of particulate composites can be tailored by modifying the type and amount of the filler fraction. It is possible to process highly reinforced photopolymerizable composite materials using additive manufacturing technologies consisting of 3D fiber deposition through extrusion in conjunction with photo-polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Gallicchio
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.G.); (V.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Vincenzo Spinelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.G.); (V.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Teresa Russo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, Mostra d’Oltremare Pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ciro Marino
- University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.G.); (V.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Carlo Rengo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Roberto De Santis
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, Mostra d’Oltremare Pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy;
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Sing SL, Yeong WY. Recent Progress in Research of Additive Manufacturing for Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112267. [PMID: 35683939 PMCID: PMC9183186 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swee Leong Sing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Correspondence: or
| | - Wai Yee Yeong
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
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