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Sadowska M, Nattich-Rak M, Morga M, Adamczyk Z, Basinska T, Mickiewicz D, Gadzinowski M. Anisotropic Particle Deposition Kinetics from Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements: Beyond the Sphere Paradigm. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7907-7919. [PMID: 38578865 PMCID: PMC11025136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Deposition kinetics of polymer particles characterized by a prolate spheroid shape on gold sensors modified by the adsorption of poly(allylamine) was investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy. Reference measurements were also performed for polymer particles of a spherical shape and the same diameter as the spheroid shorter axis. Primarily, the frequency and dissipation shifts for various overtones were measured as a function of time. These kinetic data were transformed into the dependence of the complex impedance, scaled up by the inertia impedance, upon the particle size to the hydrodynamic boundary layer ratio. The results obtained for low particle coverage were interpolated, which enabled the derivation of Sauerbrey-like equations, yielding the real particle coverage using the experimental frequency or dissipation (bandwidth) shifts. Experiments carried out for a long deposition time confirmed that, for spheroids, the imaginary and real impedance components were equal to each other for all overtones and for a large range of particle coverage. This result was explained in terms of a hydrodynamic, lubrication-like contact of particles with the sensor, enabling their sliding motion. In contrast, the experimental data obtained for spheres, where the impedance ratio was a complicated function of overtones and particle coverage, showed that the contact was rather stiff, preventing their motion over the sensor. It was concluded that results obtained in this work can be exploited as useful reference systems for a quantitative interpretation of bioparticle, especially bacteria, deposition kinetics on macroion-modified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sadowska
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Nattich-Rak
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Morga
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamczyk
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Teresa Basinska
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Henryka Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Damian Mickiewicz
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Henryka Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gadzinowski
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Henryka Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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2
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Skládal P. Piezoelectric biosensors: shedding light on principles and applications. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:184. [PMID: 38451295 PMCID: PMC10920441 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The three decades of experience with piezoelectric devices applied in the field of bioanalytical chemistry are shared. After introduction to principles and suitable measuring approaches, active and passive methods based on oscillators and impedance analysis, respectively, the focus is directed towards biosensing approaches. Immunosensing examples are provided, followed by other affinity sensing approaches based on hybridization of nucleic acids, aptamers, monitoring of enzyme activities, and detection of pathogenic microbes. The combination of piezosensors with cell lines and testing of drugs is highlighted, including mechanically active cells. The combination of piezosensors with other measuring techniques providing original hybrid devices is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Hofmaier M, Flemming P, Guskova O, Münch AS, Uhlmann P, Müller M. Swelling and Orientation Behavior of End-Grafted Polymer Chains by In Situ Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Complementing In Situ Ellipsometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16219-16230. [PMID: 37941338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The literature lacks established concrete parameters for assigning grafted chain regimes. In this context, dichroic in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and in situ ellipsometry were used complementarily, offering new opportunities for conformational analysis of end-grafted polymer chains. Especially polymer chain orientation was studied as a new parameter, among others, for proper chain regime assignment in this report. Alkyne-functionalized poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) with a molecular weight of 49.8 kg/mol and a contour length of around 80 nm was grafted to self-assembled monolayers bearing triazole end groups as reported. Different chain regimes were generated by using three different grafting densities. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy based on the ν(C═O) stretching vibration at around 1728 cm-1 provided a new direct approach to determine the GD of polymer chains. Significant shifts in the position of the ν(C═O) band comparing dry and wet states were observed, caused by increased hydrogen bonding interactions between PDMAEMA and water. Finally, the averaged orientation of PDMAEMA chains along the z-axis was determined using dichroic ATR-FTIR spectroscopy based on the dichroic ratios of the ν(C═O) band and molecular order parameters SZ,MOL calculated thereof. High SZ,MOL values were found for the wet state compared to the dry state, confirming that all GD PDMAEMA samples are in the brush regime in the swollen state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Hofmaier
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University Dresden (TUD), Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Patricia Flemming
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Technical University Dresden (TUD), Zellescher Weg 19, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Olga Guskova
- Institut Theorie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Kaitzer Straße 4, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander S Münch
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- , Institut Physikalische Chemie und Chemie der Polymere, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden (TUD), Mommsenstraße 4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Furikado I, Forsman J, Nylander T. Particle Adsorption Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation by Applying a Kelvin-Voigt-Based Viscoelastic Model and the Gauss-Newton Method. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15286-15292. [PMID: 37782503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) to study the adsorption of particles larger than 100 nm, such as liposomes, viruses, and nano/micro-plastics, remains challenging owing to the lack of appropriate models for data evaluation. This study presents a method for quantifying the adsorption of negatively charged polystyrene latex (100 nm-1 μm) at the solid-liquid interface. The validity of a viscoelastic model based on Kelvin-Voigt theory was assessed, and the model was used to evaluate particle adsorption data obtained from QCM-D measurements. The Gauss-Newton method was used to fit the data; the values obtained were larger than results from atomic force microscopy, indicating that the viscoelastic model combined with the Gauss-Newton method can quantify the adsorption of large polystyrene particles and the surrounding water around them. We suggested that QCM-D, in combination with an appropriate viscoelastic model, is applicable to estimate adsorption at the solid-liquid interface even for soft particles larger than 1 μm, which are out of the range of applications to the hydrodynamics model. Furthermore, we successfully showed that the recorded dissipation reflects the viscoelastic properties of the layer. The viscoelastic model allowed quantification of the rheological properties of the layer. The ratio of the viscous and elastic contributions was characterized by using loss tangent (tan δ) values that were extracted from the experimental data by applying the viscoelastic model. These values were lower for the adsorption of the negatively charged polystyrene particles on a positive surface than on a negative surface. This suggests that tan δ reflects the strength of the contact between the particle and substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Furikado
- Analytical Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation,, Wakayama 640-8580, Japan
| | - Jan Forsman
- Computational Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Tommy Nylander
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
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5
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Plikusiene I, Ramanaviciene A. Investigation of Biomolecule Interactions: Optical-, Electrochemical-, and Acoustic-Based Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020292. [PMID: 36832058 PMCID: PMC9954023 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Today, optical, electrochemical, and acoustic affinity biosensors; immunosensors; and immunoanalytical systems play an important role in the detection and characterization of a number of biological substances, including viral antigens, specific antibodies, and clinically important biomarkers [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Plikusiene
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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6
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O'Bryan CS, Murdoch TJ, Strickland DJ, Rose KA, Bendejacq D, Lee D, Composto RJ. Investigating the Sequence Specific Adsorption Behavior of Polypeptides at the Solid/Liquid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1740-1749. [PMID: 36637895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymer adsorption at the solid/liquid interface depends not only on the chemical composition of the polymer but also on the specific placement of the monomers along the polymer sequence. However, challenges in designing polymers with well-controlled sequences have limited explorations into the role of polymer sequence on adsorption behavior to molecular simulations. Here, we demonstrate how the sequence control offered by polypeptide synthesis can be utilized to study the effects small changes in polymer sequence have on polymer adsorption behavior at the solid/liquid interface. Through a combination of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and total internal reflection ellipsometry, we study the adsorption behavior of three polypeptides, consisting of 90% lysine and 10% cysteine, onto a gold surface. We find different mechanisms are responsible for the adsorption of polypeptides and the resulting conformation on the surface. The initial adsorption of the polypeptides is driven by electrostatic interactions between the polylysine and the gold surface. Once adsorbed, the cysteine undergoes a thiol-Au reaction with the surface, altering the conformation of the polymer layer. Our findings suggest the conformation of the polypeptide layer is dependent on the placement of the cysteines within the sequence; polypeptide chains with evenly spaced cysteine groups adopt a more tightly bound "train" conformation as compared to polypeptides with closely grouped cysteine groups. We envision that the methodologies presented here to study sequence specific adsorption behaviors using polypeptides could be a valuable tool to complement molecular simulations studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S O'Bryan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Timothy J Murdoch
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Daniel J Strickland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Katie A Rose
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Denis Bendejacq
- Complex Assemblies of Soft Matter Laboratory, IRL 3254, Solvay USA Inc., Bristol, Pennsylvania19007, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Russell J Composto
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
- Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
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7
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Naranda J, Bračič M, Vogrin M, Maver U, Trojner T. Practical Use of Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040159. [PMID: 36278628 PMCID: PMC9590066 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is a real-time, nanogram-accurate technique for analyzing various processes on biomaterial surfaces. QCM has proven to be an excellent tool in tissue engineering as it can monitor key parameters in developing cellular scaffolds. This review focuses on the use of QCM in the tissue engineering of cartilage. It begins with a brief discussion of biomaterials and the current state of the art in scaffold development for cartilage tissue engineering, followed by a summary of the potential uses of QCM in cartilage tissue engineering. This includes monitoring interactions with extracellular matrix components, adsorption of proteins onto biomaterials, and biomaterial–cell interactions. In the last part of the review, the material selection problem in tissue engineering is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of surface nanotopography, the role of nanofilms, and utilization of QCM as a “screening” tool to improve the material selection process. A step-by-step process for scaffold design is proposed, as well as the fabrication of thin nanofilms in a layer-by-layer manner using QCM. Finally, future trends of QCM application as a “screening” method for 3D printing of cellular scaffolds are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Naranda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (M.B.); Tel.: +386-2-321-1541 (J.N.); +386-2-220-7929 (M.B.)
| | - Matej Bračič
- Laboratory for Characterisation and Processing of Polymers (LCPP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (J.N.); (M.B.); Tel.: +386-2-321-1541 (J.N.); +386-2-220-7929 (M.B.)
| | - Matjaž Vogrin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Teodor Trojner
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Biochemical Interactions through Microscopic Techniques: Structural and Molecular Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142853. [PMID: 35890632 PMCID: PMC9318543 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many researchers and scientists have contributed significantly to provide structural and molecular characterizations of biochemical interactions using microscopic techniques in the recent decade, as these biochemical interactions play a crucial role in the production of diverse biomaterials and the organization of biological systems. The properties, activities, and functionalities of the biomaterials and biological systems need to be identified and modified for different purposes in both the material and life sciences. The present study aimed to review the advantages and disadvantages of three main branches of microscopy techniques (optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy) developed for the characterization of these interactions. First, we explain the basic concepts of microscopy and then the breadth of their applicability to different fields of research. This work could be useful for future research works on biochemical self-assembly, biochemical aggregation and localization, biological functionalities, cell viability, live-cell imaging, material stability, and membrane permeability, among others. This understanding is of high importance in rapid, inexpensive, and accurate analysis of biochemical interactions.
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Adamczyk Z, Pomorska A, Sadowska M, Nattich-Rak M, Morga M, Basinska T, Mickiewicz D, Gadzinowski M. QCM-D Investigations of Anisotropic Particle Deposition Kinetics: Evidences of the Hydrodynamic Slip Mechanisms. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10234-10244. [PMID: 35776925 PMCID: PMC9310025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Deposition kinetics
of positively charged polymer microparticles,
characterized by prolate spheroid shape, at silica and gold sensors
was investigated using the quartz microbalance (QCM) technique. Reference
measurements were also performed for positively charged polymer particles
of spherical shape and the same mass as the spheroids. Primarily,
the frequency and bandwidth shifts for various overtones were measured
as a function of time. It is shown that the ratio of these signals
is close to unity for all overtones. These results were converted
to the dependence of the frequency shift on the particle coverage,
directly determined by atomic force microscopy and theoretically interpreted
in terms of the hydrodynamic model. A quantitative agreement with
experiments was attained considering particle slip relative to the
ambient oscillating flow. In contrast, the theoretical results pertinent
to the rigid contact model proved inadequate. The particle deposition
kinetics derived from the QCM method was compared with theoretical
modeling performed according to the random sequential adsorption approach.
This allowed to assess the feasibility of the QCM technique to furnish
proper deposition kinetics for anisotropic particles. It is argued
that the hydrodynamic slip effect should be considered in the interpretation
of QCM kinetic results acquired for bioparticles, especially viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Adamczyk
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, Krakow 30 - 239, Poland
| | - Agata Pomorska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, Krakow 30 - 239, Poland
| | - Marta Sadowska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, Krakow 30 - 239, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Nattich-Rak
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, Krakow 30 - 239, Poland
| | - Maria Morga
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, Krakow 30 - 239, Poland
| | - Teresa Basinska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Henryka Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Damian Mickiewicz
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Henryka Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gadzinowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Henryka Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
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Aerosol-Cell Exposure System Applied to Semi-Adherent Cells for Aerosolization of Lung Surfactant and Nanoparticles Followed by High Quality RNA Extraction. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081362. [PMID: 35458071 PMCID: PMC9028274 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle toxicity assessments have moved closer to physiological conditions while trying to avoid the use of animal models. An example of new in vitro exposure techniques developed is the exposure of cultured cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI), particularly in the case of respiratory airways. While the commercially available VITROCELL® Cloud System has been applied for the delivery of aerosolized substances to adherent cells under ALI conditions, it has not yet been tested on lung surfactant and semi-adherent cells such as alveolar macrophages, which are playing a pivotal role in the nanoparticle-induced immune response. OBJECTIVES In this work, we developed a comprehensive methodology for coating semi-adherent lung cells cultured at the ALI with aerosolized surfactant and subsequent dose-controlled exposure to nanoparticles (NPs). This protocol is optimized for subsequent transcriptomic studies. METHODS Semi-adherent rat alveolar macrophages NR8383 were grown at the ALI and coated with lung surfactant through nebulization using the VITROCELL® Cloud 6 System before being exposed to TiO2 NM105 NPs. After NP exposures, RNA was extracted and its quantity and quality were measured. RESULTS The VITROCELL® Cloud system allowed for uniform and ultrathin coating of cells with aerosolized surfactant mimicking physiological conditions in the lung. While nebulization of 57 μL of 30 mg/mL TiO2 and 114 μL of 15 mg/mL TiO2 nanoparticles yielded identical cell delivered dose, the reproducibility of dose as well as the quality of RNA extracted were better for 114 μL.
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