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Irawan AP, Fitriyana DF, Siregar JP, Cionita T, Anggarina PT, Utama DW, Rihayat T, Rusiyanto R, Dimyati S, Aripin MB, Ismail R, Bayuseno AP, Baskara GD, Khafidh M, Putera FP, Yotenka R. Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al 2O 3, and Fe 2O 3 on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2597. [PMID: 37376243 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brake friction materials (BFMs) have a critical role in ensuring the safety as well as the reliability of automotive braking systems. However, traditional BFMs, typically made from asbestos, are associated with environmental and health concerns. Therefore, this results in a growing interest in developing alternative BFMs that are eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective. This study investigates the effect of varying concentrations of epoxy, rice husk, alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) on the mechanical and thermal properties of BFMs prepared using the hand layup method. In this study, the rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were filtered through a 200-mesh sieve. Note that the BFMs were fabricated using different combinations and concentrations of the materials. Their mechanical properties, such as density, hardness, flexural strength, wear resistance, and thermal properties, were investigated. The results suggest that the concentrations of the ingredients significantly influence the mechanical and thermal properties of the BFMs. A specimen made from epoxy, rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with concentrations of 50 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 15 wt.%, respectively, produced the best properties for BFMs. On the other hand, the density, hardness, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and wear rate values of this specimen were 1.23 g/cm3, 81.2 Vickers (HV), 57.24 MPa, 4.08 GPa, and 8.665 × 10-7 mm2/kg. In addition, this specimen had better thermal properties than the other specimens. These findings provide valuable insights into developing eco-friendly and sustainable BFMs with suitable performance for automotive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deni Fajar Fitriyana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia
| | - Januar Parlaungan Siregar
- Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, Malaysia
| | - Tezara Cionita
- Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | | | - Didi Widya Utama
- Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia
| | - Teuku Rihayat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Lhokseumawe 24301, Indonesia
| | - Rusiyanto Rusiyanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia
| | - Saeful Dimyati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Bustanul Aripin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia
| | - Rifky Ismail
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia
| | | | - Gregorius Dimas Baskara
- School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Khafidh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
| | - Finny Pratama Putera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
| | - Rahmadi Yotenka
- Department of Statistics, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
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Saleh SSM, Omar MF, Akil HM, Kudus MHA, Abdullah MMAB, Sandu AV, Vizureanu P, Halim KAA, Rasidi MSM, Mahamud SNS, Sandu I, Nosbi N. Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes/Alumina Hybrid-Filled Phenolic Composite with Enhanced Wear Resistance. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2772. [PMID: 37049066 PMCID: PMC10095878 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid fillers can be produced via various methods, such as physical mixing and chemical modification. However, there is a limited number of studies on the effect of hybridisation on the mechanical performance of hybrid filler-reinforced polymer composites, especially in the context of wear performance. This study investigated the wear resistance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/alumina hybrid-filled phenolic composite, where two hybrid methods were used to produce the CNTs/alumina hybrid filler. The CNTs/alumina (CVD hybrid) was synthesised using the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method, whereas the CNTs-/alumina (physically hybrid) was prepared using the ball milling method. The CNTs/alumina hybrid filler was then used as a filler in the phenolic composites. The composites were prepared using a hot mounting press and then subjected to a dry sliding wear test using a pin-on-disc (POD) tester. The results show that the composite filled with the CVD hybrid filler (HYB composite) had better wear resistance than the composite filled with physically hybrid filler (PHY composite) and pure phenolic. At 5 wt%, the HYB composite showed a 74.68% reduction in wear, while the PHY composite showed a 56.44% reduction in wear compared to pure phenolic. The HYB composite exhibited the lowest average coefficient of friction (COF) compared to the PHY composite and pure phenolic. The average COF decreased with increasing sliding speeds and applied loads. The phenolic composites' wear and average COF are in the order HYB composite < PHY composite < pure phenolic under all sliding speeds and applied loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Shuhadah Md Saleh
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus Omar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Hazizan Md Akil
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Helmi Abdul Kudus
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Andrei Victor Sandu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Romanian Inventors Forum, Str. Sf. P. Movila 3, 700089 Iasi, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development for Environmental Protection INCDPM, 294 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, Dacia Blvd 26, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Khairul Anwar Abdul Halim
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Syahmie Mohamad Rasidi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Syarifah Nuraqmar Syed Mahamud
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Ion Sandu
- Romanian Inventors Forum, Str. Sf. P. Movila 3, 700089 Iasi, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development for Environmental Protection INCDPM, 294 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
- Arheoinvest Platform, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, No. 22, Iasi 700506, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists AOSR, 54 Splaiul Independentei St., Sect 5, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Norlin Nosbi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Corrosion Research (CCR), Institute of Contaminant Management for Oil and Gas (ICM), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
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Sustainable Basalt Fibers vs. Traditional Glass Fibers: Comparative Study on Thermal Properties and Flow Behavior of Polyamide 66-Based Composites. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering6060086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work, basalt fibers (BF) have been investigated as possible natural and sustainable replacements for the common synthetic mineral filler—glass fibers (GF)—used in polyamide 66 matrix (PA66). Composites have been prepared at two different fiber concentrations (15 and 25 wt.%, respectively) by melt blending. The developed systems have been mainly characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), capillary rheology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The kinetic parameters to thermal degradation through the Coats–Redfern method allowed us to attest a negligible effect of fiber type on thermal stability of the developed systems. Composites incorporating 15 wt.% of fiber content possessed the highest activation energy (≥230 kJ/mol). The introduction of BF and GF in PA 66 polymer, regardless of content, always led to an increase in crystallization and melting temperatures, and to a similar reduction in crystallinity degree and glass transition temperature. The shear viscosity of the basic polymer increased by the addition of fillers, particularly at low shear rate, with a pronounced effect in the case of basal fibers. A slightly higher shear thinning behavior of BF/PA66 with respect to GF/PA66 composites was confirmed by fitting the flow curves through the power law model. Finally, a worsening in fiber dispersion, by increasing the content in the matrix, and a weak compatibility between the two phases constituting the materials were highlighted through SEM micrographs.
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The Influence of Filler Loading and Alkaline Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Palm Kernel Cake Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153063. [PMID: 35956578 PMCID: PMC9370578 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of materials, in conjunction with green technology, emphasises the need to employ renewable resources to ensure long-term sustainability. Re-exploring renewable elements that can be employed as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has been a major endeavour. The research goal is to determine how well palm kernel cake filler (PKCF) performs in reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, PKCF with 100 mesh was mixed with epoxy resin (ER) in various ratios ranging from 10% to 40% by weight. Hand lay-up with an open mould is proposed as a method for fabricating the specimen test. Surface modification of PKCF with varying concentrations of NaOH (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%) will be contrasted with the untreated samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the effect of alkaline treatment will be examined. The tensile and maximum flexural strength of the untreated PKCF/ER composite were determined in this work, with a 30 wt.% of PKCF having the highest tensile strength of 31.20 MPa and the highest flexural strength of 39.70 MPa. The tensile and flexural strength were reduced to 22.90 MPa and 30.50 MPa, respectively, when the filler loading was raised to 40 wt.%. A 5 wt.% alkali treatment for 1 h improved the composites’ mechanical characteristics. Lastly, an alkali treatment can aid in the resolution of the problem of inadequate matrix and filler interaction. Alkaline treatment is a popular and effective method for reducing the hydroxyl group in fillers and, thus, improving interfacial bonding. Overall, palm kernel cake is a promising material used as a filler in polymer composites.
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