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Ganokwalai N, Chotprasert N, Choonharuangdej S, Shrestha B, Srithavaj T. Mechanical properties of dental tissue conditioner containing lemongrass essential oil. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00493-1. [PMID: 39117492 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Overcoming compromised oral hygiene and susceptibility to opportunistic oropharyngeal candidal infections in patients with a maxillectomy are critical challenges. Tissue conditioners incorporated with lemongrass essential oil has been shown to have promising antifungal properties, but the effects of this incorporation on the mechanical properties of tissue conditioners remain unexplored. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the effects of lemongrass essential oil incorporation at various concentrations on the tensile bond strength (TBS) and Shore A hardness (SAH) of tissue conditioners. The presence of lemongrass essential oil in the tissue conditioner was evaluated by using Raman spectroscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Unmodified tissue conditioner served as the control, whereas tissue conditioner incorporated with lemongrass essential oil (final concentrations of 1.77%, 3.56%, and 7.17% [w/w]) and tissue conditioner incorporated with Nystatin served as the experimental groups. The SAH of Coe-Comfort specimens was measured at 2 hours, 24 hours, 7 days, and 30 days for each testing group (n=3/group). The TBS of tissue conditioner to denture base acrylic resin was determined by using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 10 mm/minute (n=10/group). Furthermore, Raman spectra for the control and experimental tissue conditioner groups were obtained at 24 hours and 14 days. The data were analyzed with 2-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by the post hoc Bonferroni multiple comparison test for SAH testing and the 1-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Tukey HSD multiple comparison test for TBS testing (α=.05). RESULTS The unmodified tissue conditioner, 1.77% (w/w) lemongrass essential oil incorporated tissue conditioner, and Nystatin incorporated tissue conditioner showed no significant difference in SAH at ≤7 days (P>.05). However, at 30 days, the 1.77% (w/w) lemongrass essential oil and Nystatin groups showed no significant difference in SAH (P=.136), but both groups had significantly lower SAH compared with the control group (P=.016 and P<.001, respectively). The incorporation of 1.77% (w/w) lemongrass essential oil in tissue conditioners had no significant effect on TBS compared with the control group (P=.184), although both possessed significantly higher TBS than all remaining groups. In contrast, tissue conditioner incorporated with lemongrass essential oil concentrations ≥3.56% (w/w) and Nystatin showed a statistically significant decrease in TBS (P<.001). Raman spectrum analysis confirmed the presence of citral bands in the lemongrass essential oil incorporated specimens at 2 hours and 14 days, verifying its long-lasting presence. CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of lemongrass essential oil in tissue conditioners at 1.77% (w/w) concentration produced both long-lasting antifungal properties and acceptable mechanical properties (SAH and TBS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphisa Ganokwalai
- Assistant Lecturer, Maxillofacial Prosthetics Clinic, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natdhanai Chotprasert
- Assistant Professor, Maxillofacial Prosthetics Clinic, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwan Choonharuangdej
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Binit Shrestha
- Lecturer, Maxillofacial Prosthetics Clinic, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Theerathavaj Srithavaj
- Associate Professor, Maxillofacial Prosthetics Clinic, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Wan Ali WNS, Parker S, Patel M. Effect of Food-Simulating Liquids on the Leachability of Plasticizers from Dental Tissue Conditioners. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:883-890. [PMID: 38331042 PMCID: PMC11290917 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue conditioners are composed of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) powder and plasticizer/ethanol mix liquid. Butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate (BPBG) plasticizer is commonly used in tissue conditioners, but the main concern with phthalate plasticizer is its leachability and biocompatibility, especially the estrogenic activity and cytotoxicity of phthalate. Therefore, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) plasticizer has been introduced and formulated as plasticizer in tissue conditioner; however its leachability characteristics are still unknown. Furthermore, the effect of foodsimulating liquids toward leachability of BPBG and ATBC plasticizers has not been documented. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of food-simulating liquids on the leachability of plasticizers and hardness of two experimental tissue conditioners containing BPBG and ATBC plasticizers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten experimental materials were prepared using PEMA polymer powder with 95% plasticizer (BPBG and ATBC) and 5% ethanol by volume, using powder to liquid ratio of 1.67:1, and the thickness was controlled at 3 mm. Shore A hardness value was measured after immersion in distilled water, artificial saliva, 25% ethanol/water mix, 3% citric acid, and coconut oil at 37°C. Measurements were taken at 2 hours and 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, and 84 days. Six readings were taken for each sample and hardness change was calculated and statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Increase in hardness value was noted for both plasticizers over time with the highest increase was when immersed in coconut oil. Shore A hardness value was significantly higher in ATBC after 84 days of immersion in all food-simulating liquids. The increase in hardness is due to plasticizer/ethanol leaching; however, as ethanol content was the same (5%), the hardness change is attributed to the leaching of plasticizers. CONCLUSION Leaching of both plasticizers was highest in coconut oil indicating that tissue conditioners may have a shorter intraoral lifetime in patients eating high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nor Syariza Wan Ali
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics. Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Parker
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mangala Patel
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Mikulewicz M, Chojnacka K, Raszewski Z. Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Three Tissue Conditioners: An Evaluation In Vitro Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1359. [PMID: 37629649 PMCID: PMC10456693 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Tissue conditioners have been widely used in various clinical applications in dentistry, such as treating inflamed alveolar ridges, temporarily relining partial and complete dentures, and the acquisition of functional impressions for denture fabrication. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of the most prevalent tissue conditioner materials on the market, including Tissue Conditioners (TC), Visco Gel (VG), and FITT (F). Materials and Methods: The three tissue conditioners, TC, VG, and F, were assessed based on the parameters mentioned above. The following tests were performed based on the ISO 10139-1 and ISO 10139-2 requirements: Shore A hardness, denture plate adhesion, sorption, water solubility, and contraction after 1 and 3 days in water. Additional tests are described in the literature, such as ethanol content and gelling time. The tests were carried out by storing the materials in water at 37 °C for 7 days. Results: The gel times of all tested materials exceeded 5 min (TC = 300 [s], VG = 350 [s]). In vitro, phthalate-free materials exhibited higher dissolution in water after 14 days (VG = -260.78 ± 11.31 µg/mm2) compared to F (-76.12 ± 7.11 µg/mm2) and experienced faster hardening when stored in distilled water (F = 33.4 ± 0.30 Sh. A, VG = 59.2 ± 0.60 Sh. A). They also showed greater contractions. The connection of all materials to the prosthesis plate was consistent at 0.11 MPa. The highest counterbalance after 3 days was observed in TC = 3.53 ± 1.12%. Conclusions: Materials containing plasticizers that are not phthalates have worse mechanical properties than products containing these substances. Since phthalates are not allowed to be used indefinitely in medical devices, additional research is necessary, especially in vivo, to develop safe materials with superior functional properties to newer-generation alternatives. In vitro results often do not agree fully with those of in vivo outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Mikulewicz
- Department of Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Medical University of Wroclaw, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Ud Din S, Khattak O, Chaudhary FA, Saeed A, Iqbal A, Syed J, Kensara AA, Alsharari T, Mustafa M, Sultan SE, Patel M. Comparison of the elastic recovery and strain-in-compression of commercial and novel vinyl polysiloxane impression materials incorporating a novel crosslinking agent and a surfactant. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15677. [PMID: 37520257 PMCID: PMC10373643 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to formulate experimental vinylpolysiloxane (VPS) impression materials and compare their elastic recovery and strain-in-compressions with three commercial VPS materials (Aquasil, Elite, and Extrude). Five experimental materials (Exp), two hydrophobic (Exp-I and II) and three hydrophilic (Exp-III, IV and V) were developed. Exp 1 contained vinyl-terminated poly-dimethyl siloxane and a conventional cross-linking agent (poly methylhydrosiloxane), while Exp- II contained a novel cross-linking agent that is tetra-functional dimethyl-silyl-ortho-silicate (TFDMSOS). Exp III-V (hydrophilic materials) were formulated by incorporating different concentrations of non-ionic surfactant (Rhodasurf CET-2) into Exp II formulation. Measurement of elastic recovery and strain-in-compression for commercial and experimental materials were performed according to ISO4823 standard using the calibrated mechanical testing machine (Tinius Olsen). One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc (HSD) test were used for statistical analysis and a p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Exp-I has statistically similar values to commercial VPS. The Exp-II showed the highest elastic recovery, while % elastic recovery was reduced with the addition of the non-ionic surfactant (Rhodasurf CET-2). The % reduction was directly related to the concentration of Rhodasurf CET-2. In addition, Exp II had significantly higher strain-in-compression values compared to Exp-I and commercial materials. These values were further increased with the addition of a non-ionic surfactant (Rhodasurf CET-2) was added (Exp-III, IV and V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Ud Din
- School of Dentistry (SOD), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Osama Khattak
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary
- School of Dentistry (SOD), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asfia Saeed
- Shifa College of Dentistry, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamaluddin Syed
- Oral Basic Clinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Ahmed Kensara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, King Abdul Aziz University Dental Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thani Alsharari
- Department of Restorative and Dental Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Mustafa
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mangala Patel
- Centre for Oral Bioengineering (Dental Physical Sciences Unit), Bart’s and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ashraf H, Gul H, Jamil B, Saeed A, Pasha M, Kaleem M, Khan AS. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the antifungal properties of tissue conditioner incorporated with essential oils-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273079. [PMID: 35984775 PMCID: PMC9390928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to investigate new tissue conditioner (TC) formulations involving chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and essential oils (EO) for their antifungal potential, release kinetics, and hardness. Materials and methods CSNPs were synthesized, and the separate solutions of CSNP were prepared with two types of EO, i.e., Oregano oil and Lemongrass. The EO was loaded separately in two concentrations (200 μL and 250 μL). The blank and EO-loaded CSNPs were screened against Candida albicans (C. albicans), and their minimum inhibitory concentration was established. GC Reline™ (GC corporation, USA) TC was considered a control group, whereby the four experimental groups were prepared by mixing CSNPs/EO solutions with TC powder. The antifungal effectiveness (C. albicans) and release kinetics behavior (1–6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h) was investigated. The Shore A hardness of control and experimental groups was evaluated in dry and wet modes (deionized water and artificial saliva). For statistical analysis, SPSS version 22 was used to do a one-way ANOVA post-hoc Tukey’s test. Results Compared to the control group, TCs containing blank CSNPs and CSNPs loaded with EO showed 3 and 5 log reductions in C. albicans growth, respectively. A significantly high antifungal effect was observed with TC containing lemongrass essential oil (200 μL). The continuous release of EO was detected for the first 6 hours, whereas completely stopped after 48 hours. Mean hardness values were highest for dry samples and lowest for samples stored in artificial saliva. The statistically significant difference within and between the study groups was observed in mean and cumulative essential oils release and hardness values of TCs over observed time intervals irrespective of storage media. Conclusion TCs containing essential-oil-loaded CSNPs seem a promising alternative treatment of denture-induced stomatitis, however, a further biological analysis should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Ashraf
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Dental Materials, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hashmat Gul
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Jamil
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Microbiology, BJ Micro Lab, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Asfia Saeed
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Dental Materials, Islamabad Medical & Dental College, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Pasha
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Dental Materials, Shifa College of Dentistry, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kaleem
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Samad Khan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Reproduction of Fine Details and Compatibility of Vinyl Polysiloxane Impression Materials. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop novel experimental (Exp) vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) impression materials (ab initio) and to evaluate their reproduction of fine details and compatibility with pouring materials. The Exp materials were compared with three commercial VPSs (Aquasil Ultra Monophase (Aq M), Extrude Medium-Bodied (Extr M), Elite HD Monophase (Elt M)) under dry, moist and wet conditions. Five VPSs (Exp-I–V) were developed, out of which Exp-I and II were hydrophobic while Exp-III, IV and V were hydrophilic. In the current study, Exp-II is the control for Exp-III, IV and V. Exp-I was the control for Exp-II, in which tear strength of the VPS was improved by adding a novel cross-linking agent. This part of the study has already been published by the authors. Under dry conditions, all commercial and Exp materials reproduced the 20 µm line satisfactorily. Under moist conditions, all commercial and some of the Exp (III, IV and V) materials reproduced the 20 µm line satisfactorily, with the exception of Exp-I and II. Under wet conditions, Aq M, Extr M and Exp-IV and V reproduced the continuous line, while Elt M and Exp-I, II and III failed to produce the line. For compatibility, all commercial and Exp VPSs, under dry conditions, reproduced the 50 µm line on the cast. Under moist conditions, Elt M and Exp-I and II did not record the line, while Aq M, Extr M and Exp-III, IV and V reproduced this line. Under wet conditions, Aq M, Extr M and Exp-IV and V reproduced the continuous line of 50 µm, while Elt M and Exp-I, II and III failed to record this line. Performance of the materials depends on the type and amount of surfactant incorporated. These data provide useful knowledge for clinicians on recording and pouring impressions with greater accuracy of reproduction of fine details and compatibility with cast/die materials.
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