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Hassan SI, Syed SA, Ali SW, Zahid H, Tariq S, Mohd Su ud M, Alam MM. Systematic literature review on the application of machine learning for the prediction of properties of different types of concrete. PeerJ Comput Sci 2024; 10:e1853. [PMID: 38855208 PMCID: PMC11157546 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Concrete, a fundamental construction material, stands as a significant consumer of virgin resources, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, and fresh water. It exerts an immense demand, accounting for approximately 1.6 billion metric tons of Portland and modified Portland cement annually. Moreover, addressing extreme conditions with exceptionally nonlinear behavior necessitates a laborious calibration procedure in structural analysis and design methodologies. These methods are also difficult to execute in practice. To reduce time and effort, ML might be a viable option. Material and Methods A set of keywords are designed to perform the search PubMed search engine with filters to not search the studies below the year 2015. Furthermore, using PRISMA guidelines, studies were selected and after screening, a total of 42 studies were summarized. The PRISMA guidelines provide a structured framework to ensure transparency, accuracy, and completeness in reporting the methods and results of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The ability to methodically and accurately connect disparate parts of the literature is often lacking in review research. Some of the trickiest parts of original research include knowledge mapping, co-citation, and co-occurrence. Using this data, we were able to determine which locations were most active in researching machine learning applications for concrete, where the most influential authors were in terms of both output and citations and which articles garnered the most citations overall. Conclusion ML has become a viable prediction method for a wide variety of structural industrial applications, and hence it may serve as a potential successor for routinely used empirical model in the design of concrete structures. The non-ML structural engineering community may use this overview of ML methods, fundamental principles, access codes, ML libraries, and gathered datasets to construct their own ML models for useful uses. Structural engineering practitioners and researchers may benefit from this article's incorporation of concrete ML studies as well as structural engineering datasets. The construction industry stands to benefit from the use of machine learning in terms of cost savings, time savings, and labor intensity. The statistical and graphical representation of contributing authors and participants in this work might facilitate future collaborations and the sharing of novel ideas and approaches among researchers and industry professionals. The limitation of this systematic review is that it is only PubMed based which means it includes studies included in the PubMed database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Iqra Hassan
- Electrical/Electronic Engineering, British Malaysian Institute, Universiti of Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Electrical Engineering, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Abid Syed
- Biomedical Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Syed Waqad Ali
- Biomedical Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Hira Zahid
- Biomedical Engineering, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Samia Tariq
- Civil Engineering, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mazliham Mohd Su ud
- Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Khan M, Khan A, Khan AU, Shakeel M, Khan K, Alabduljabbar H, Najeh T, Gamil Y. Intelligent prediction modeling for flexural capacity of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams using machine learning algorithms. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23375. [PMID: 38169887 PMCID: PMC10758834 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) are widely utilized to improve the efficiency and durability of concrete structures, either through external bonding or internal reinforcement. However, the response of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) members, both in field applications and experimental settings, often deviates from the estimation based on existing code provisions. This discrepancy can be attributed to the limitations of code provisions in fully capturing the nature of FRP-strengthened RC members. Accordingly, machine learning methods, including gene expression programming (GEP) and multi-expression programming (MEP), were utilized in this study to predict the flexural capacity of the FRP-strengthened RC beam. To develop data-driven estimation models, an extensive collection of experimental data on FRP-strengthened RC beams was compiled from the experimental studies. For the assessment of the accuracy of developed models, various statistical indicators were utilized. The machine learning (ML) based models were compared with empirical and conventional linear regression models to substantiate their superiority, providing evidence of enhanced performance. The GEP model demonstrated outstanding predictive performance with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.98 for both the training and validation phases, accompanied by minimal mean absolute errors (MAE) of 4.08 and 5.39, respectively. In contrast, the MEP model achieved a slightly lower accuracy, with an R of 0.96 in both the training and validation phases. Moreover, the ML-based models exhibited notably superior performances compared to the empirical models. Hence, the ML-based models presented in this study demonstrated promising prospects for practical implementation in engineering applications. Moreover, the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) method was used to interpret the feature's importance and influence on the flexural capacity. It was observed that beam width, section effective depth, and the tensile longitudinal bars reinforcement ratio significantly contribute to the prediction of the flexural capacity of the FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Khan
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Asad Ullah Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Hisham Alabduljabbar
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taoufik Najeh
- Operation, Maintenance, and Acoustics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Yaser Gamil
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wang S, Xu S, Lu L, Sun L. Roll-Out Deployment Process Analysis of a Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composite Tape-Spring Boom. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112455. [PMID: 37299254 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Deployable extendable booms are widely used in aerospace technology due to many advantages they have, such as high folded-ratio, lightweight and self-deployable properties. A bistable FRP composite boom can not only extend its tip outwards with a corresponding rotation speed on the hub, but can also drive the hub rolling outwards with a fixed boom tip, which is commonly called roll-out deployment. In a bistable boom's roll-out deployment process, the second stability can keep the coiled section from chaos without introducing a controlling mechanism. Because of this, the boom's roll-out deployment velocity is not under control, and a high moving speed at the end will give the structure a big impact. Therefore, predicting the velocity in this whole deployment process is necessary to be researched. This paper aims to analyze the roll-out deployment process of a bistable FRP composite tape-spring boom. First, based on the Classical Laminate Theory, a dynamic analytical model of a bistable boom is established through the energy method. Afterwards, an experiment is introduced to produce some practical verification for comparison with the analytical results. According to the comparison with the experiment, the analytical model is verified for predicting the deployment velocity when the boom is relatively short, which can cover most booms using CubeSats. Finally, a parametric study reveals the relationship between the boom properties and the deployment behaviors. The research of this paper will give some guidance to the design of a composite roll-out deployable boom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215137, China
| | - Shuhong Xu
- School of Engineering, Applied Technology Collage of Soochow University, Suzhou 215325, China
| | - Lei Lu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215137, China
| | - Lining Sun
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215137, China
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Prediction of Stress-Strain Curves for HFRP Composite Confined Brick Aggregate Concrete under Axial Load. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040844. [PMID: 36850128 PMCID: PMC9963780 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, hemp-fiber-reinforced polymer (HFRP) composites have been developed to enhance the strength and ductility of normal and lightweight aggregate concrete along with recycled brick aggregate concrete. In addition, both experimental and analytical investigations have been performed to assess the suitability of the existing strength and strain models. However, the theoretical and analytical expressions to predict the stress-strain curves of HFRP-confined concrete were not developed. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop analytical expressions to predict the stress-strain curves of HFRP-confined waste brick aggregate concrete. For this purpose, a new experimental framework was conducted to examine the effectiveness of HFRP in improving the mechanical properties of concrete constructed with recycled brick aggregates. Depending on the strength of the concrete, two groups were formed, i.e., Type-1 concrete and Type-2 concrete. A total of sixteen samples were tested. The ultimate compressive strength and strain significantly increased due to HFRP confinement. Improvements of up to 272% and 457% in the ultimate compressive strength and strain were observed due to hemp confinement, respectively. To predict the ultimate compressive strength and strain of HFRP-confined concrete, this study investigated several existing analytical stress-strain models. Some of the strength models resulted in close agreement with experimental results, but none of the models could accurately predict the ultimate confined strain. Nonlinear regression analysis was conducted to propose expressions to predict the ultimate compressive strength and strain of HFRP-confined concrete. The proposed expressions resulted in good agreement with experimental results. An analytical procedure was proposed to predict the stress-strain curves of hemp-confined concrete constructed by partial replacement of natural coarse aggregates by recycled fired-clay brick aggregates. A close agreement was found between the experimental and analytically predicted stress-strain curves.
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Khan K, Biswas R, Gudainiyan J, Amin MN, Qureshi HJ, Arab AMA, Iqbal M. PCA-Based Hybrid Intelligence Models for Estimating the Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Axially Loaded Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6477. [PMID: 36143788 PMCID: PMC9503460 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to forecast the axial load-carrying capacity of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns using principal component analysis (PCA), this work compares hybrid models of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and meta-heuristic optimization algorithms (MOAs). In order to create hybrid ANN models, a dataset of 149 experimental tests was initially gathered from the accessible literature. Eight PCA-based hybrid ANNs were created using eight MOAs, including artificial bee colony, ant lion optimization, biogeography-based optimization, differential evolution, genetic algorithm, grey wolf optimizer, moth flame optimization and particle swarm optimization. The created ANNs' performance was then assessed. With R2 ranges between 0.7094 and 0.9667 in the training phase and between 0.6883 and 0.9634 in the testing phase, we discovered that the accuracy of the built hybrid models was good. Based on the outcomes of the experiments, the generated ANN-GWO (hybrid model of ANN and grey wolf optimizer) produced the most accurate predictions in the training and testing phases, respectively, with R2 = 0.9667 and 0.9634. The created ANN-GWO may be utilised as a substitute tool to estimate the load-carrying capacity of CFST columns in civil engineering projects according to the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaffayatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahul Biswas
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440010, India
| | | | - Muhammad Nasir Amin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Jahangir Qureshi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Mohammad Abu Arab
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
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Amin MN, Ahmad I, Abbas A, Khan K, Qadir MG, Iqbal M, Abu-Arab AM, Alabdullah AA. Estimating Radiation Shielding of Fired Clay Bricks Using ANN and GEP Approaches. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15175908. [PMID: 36079290 PMCID: PMC9457075 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine how radiation attenuation would change when the thickness, density, and compressive strength of clay bricks, modified with partial replacement of clay by fly ash, iron slag, and wood ash. To conduct this investigation, four distinct types of bricks-normal, fly ash-, iron slag-, and wood ash-incorporated bricks were prepared by replacing clay content with their variable percentages. Additionally, models for predicting the radiation-shielding ability of bricks were created using gene expression programming (GEP) and artificial neural networks (ANN). The addition of iron slag improved the density and compressive strength of bricks, thus increasing shielding capability against gamma radiation. In contrast, fly ash and wood ash decreased the density and compressive strength of burnt clay bricks, leading to low radiation shielding capability. Concerning the performance of the Artificial Intelligence models, the root mean square error (RMSE) was determined as 0.1166 and 0.1876 nC for the training and validation data of ANN, respectively. The training set values for the GEP model manifested an RMSE equal to 0.2949 nC, whereas the validation data produced RMSE = 0.3507 nC. According to the statistical analysis, the generated models showed strong concordance between experimental and projected findings. The ANN model, in contrast, outperformed the GEP model in terms of accuracy, producing the lowest values of RMSE. Moreover, the variables contributing towards shielding characteristics of bricks were studied using parametric and sensitivity analyses, which showed that the thickness and density of bricks are the most influential parameters. In addition, the mathematical equation generated from the GEP model denotes its significance such that it can be used to estimate the radiation shielding of burnt clay bricks in the future with ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nasir Amin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Izaz Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Asim Abbas
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Kaffayatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ghulam Qadir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Mohammad Abu-Arab
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Abdulalim Alabdullah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Khan K, Salami BA, Jamal A, Amin MN, Usman M, Al-Faiad MA, Abu-Arab AM, Iqbal M. Prediction Models for Estimating Compressive Strength of Concrete Made of Manufactured Sand Using Gene Expression Programming Model. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15175823. [PMID: 36079206 PMCID: PMC9456692 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of natural resources of river sand and its availability issues as a construction material compelled the researchers to use manufactured sand. This study investigates the compressive strength of concrete made of manufactured sand as a partial replacement of normal sand. The prediction model, i.e., gene expression programming (GEP), was used to estimate the compressive strength of manufactured sand concrete (MSC). A database comprising 275 experimental results based on 11 input variables and 1 target variable was used to train and validate the developed models. For this purpose, the compressive strength of cement, tensile strength of cement, curing age, Dmax of crushed stone, stone powder content, fineness modulus of the sand, water-to-binder ratio, water-to-cement ratio, water content, sand ratio, and slump were taken as input variables. The investigation of a varying number of genetic characteristics, such as chromosomal number, head size, and gene number, resulted in the creation of 11 alternative models (M1-M11). The M5 model outperformed other created models for the training and testing stages, with values of (4.538, 3.216, 0.919) and (4.953, 3.348, 0.906), respectively, according to the results of the accuracy evaluation parameters root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2). The R2 and error indices values revealed that the experimental and projected findings are in extremely close agreement. The best model has 200 chromosomes, 8 head sizes, and 3 genes. The mathematical expression achieved from the GEP model revealed that six parameters, namely the compressive and tensile strength of cement, curing period, water−binder ratio, water−cement ratio, and stone powder content contributed effectively among the 11 input variables. The sensitivity analysis showed that water−cement ratio (46.22%), curing period (25.43%), and stone powder content (13.55%) were revealed as the most influential variables, in descending order. The sensitivity of the remaining variables was recorded as w/b (11.37%) > fce (2.35%) > fct (1.35%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaffayatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Babatunde Abiodun Salami
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Jamal
- Transportation and Traffic Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Nasir Amin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage (IRC-HES), King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majdi Adel Al-Faiad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Abu-Arab
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
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Khan K, Iqbal M, Biswas R, Amin MN, Ali S, Gudainiyan J, Alabdullah AA, Arab AMA. A Hybrid SVR-Based Prediction Model for the Interfacial Bond Strength of Externally Bonded FRP Laminates on Grooves with Concrete Prisms. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153097. [PMID: 35956611 PMCID: PMC9370787 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The current work presents a comparative study of hybrid models that use support vector machines (SVMs) and meta-heuristic optimization algorithms (MOAs) to predict the ultimate interfacial bond strength (IBS) capacity of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). More precisely, a dataset containing 136 experimental tests was first collected from the available literature for the development of hybrid SVM models. Five MOAs, namely the particle swarm optimization, the grey wolf optimizer, the equilibrium optimizer, the Harris hawks optimization and the slime mold algorithm, were used; five hybrid SVMs were constructed. The performance of the developed SVMs was then evaluated. The accuracy of the constructed hybrid models was found to be on the higher side, with R2 ranges between 0.8870 and 0.9774 in the training phase and between 0.8270 and 0.9294 in the testing phase. Based on the experimental results, the developed SVM–HHO (a hybrid model that uses an SVM and the Harris hawks optimization) was overall the most accurate model, with R2 values of 0.9241 and 0.9241 in the training and testing phases, respectively. Experimental results also demonstrate that the developed hybrid SVM can be used as an alternate tool for estimating the ultimate IBS capacity of FRP concrete in civil engineering projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaffayatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Rahul Biswas
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur, Nagpur 440010, India;
| | - Muhammad Nasir Amin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.A.)
| | - Sajid Ali
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Anas Abdulalim Alabdullah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.A.)
| | - Abdullah Mohammad Abu Arab
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.A.)
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Investigating the Bond Strength of FRP Rebars in Concrete under High Temperature Using Gene-Expression Programming Model. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14152992. [PMID: 35893956 PMCID: PMC9331675 DOI: 10.3390/polym14152992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, the use of fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) has increased in reinforcing concrete structures. The bond strength of FRP rebars is one of the most significant parameters for characterising the overall efficacy of the concrete structures reinforced with FRP. However, in cases of elevated temperature, the bond of FRP-reinforced concrete can deteriorate depending on a number of factors, including the type of FRP bars used, its diameter, surface form, anchorage length, concrete strength, and cover thickness. Hence, accurate quantification of FRP rebars in concrete is of paramount importance, especially at high temperatures. In this study, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based genetic-expression programming (GEP) method was used to predict the bond strength of FRP rebars in concrete at high temperatures. In order to predict the bond strength, we used failure mode temperature, fibre type, bar surface, bar diameter, anchorage length, compressive strength, and cover-to-diameter ratio as input parameters. The experimental dataset of 146 tests at various elevated temperatures were established for training and validating the model. A total of 70% of the data was used for training the model and remaining 30% was used for validation. Various statistical indices such as correlation coefficient (R), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) were used to assess the predictive veracity of the GEP model. After the trials, the optimum hyperparameters were 150, 8, and 4 as number of chromosomes, head size and number of genes, respectively. Different genetic factors, such as the number of chromosomes, the size of the head, and the number of genes, were evaluated in eleven separate trials. The results as obtained from the rigorous statistical analysis and parametric study show that the developed GEP model is robust and can predict the bond strength of FRP rebars in concrete under high temperature with reasonable accuracy (i.e., R, RMSE and MAE 0.941, 2.087, and 1.620, and 0.935, 2.370, and 2.046, respectively, for training and validation). More importantly, based on the FRP properties, the model has been translated into traceable mathematical formulation for easy calculations.
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Computational AI Models for Investigating the Radiation Shielding Potential of High-Density Concrete. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134573. [PMID: 35806698 PMCID: PMC9267220 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Concrete is an economical and efficient material for attenuating radiation. The potential of concrete in attenuating radiation is attributed to its density, which in turn depends on the mix design of concrete. This paper presents the findings of a study conducted to evaluate the radiation attenuation with varying water-cement ratio (w/c), thickness, density, and compressive strength of concrete. Three different types of concrete, i.e., normal concrete, barite, and magnetite containing concrete, were prepared to investigate this study. The radiation attenuation was calculated by studying the dose absorbed by the concrete and the linear attenuation coefficient. Additionally, artificial neural network (ANN) and gene expression programming (GEP) models were developed for predicting the radiation shielding capacity of concrete. A correlation coefficient (R), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were calculated as 0.999, 1.474 mGy, 2.154 mGy and 0.994, 5.07 mGy, 5.772 mGy for the training and validation sets of the ANN model, respectively. Similarly, for the GEP model, these values were recorded as 0.981, 13.17 mGy, and 20.20 mGy for the training set, whereas the validation data yielded R = 0.985, MAE = 12.2 mGy, and RMSE = 14.96 mGy. The statistical evaluation reflects that the developed models manifested close agreement between experimental and predicted results. In comparison, the ANN model surpassed the accuracy of the GEP models, yielding the highest R and the lowest MAE and RMSE. The parametric and sensitivity analysis revealed the thickness and density of concrete as the most influential parameters in contributing towards radiation shielding. The mathematical equation derived from the GEP models signifies its importance such that the equation can be easily used for future prediction of radiation shielding of high-density concrete.
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Khan K, Jalal FE, Khan MA, Salami BA, Amin MN, Alabdullah AA, Samiullah Q, Arab AMA, Faraz MI, Iqbal M. Prediction Models for Evaluating Resilient Modulus of Stabilized Aggregate Bases in Wet and Dry Alternating Environments: ANN and GEP Approaches. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134386. [PMID: 35806507 PMCID: PMC9267830 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stabilized aggregate bases are vital for the long-term service life of pavements. Their stiffness is comparatively higher; therefore, the inclusion of stabilized materials in the construction of bases prevents the cracking of the asphalt layer. The effect of wet−dry cycles (WDCs) on the resilient modulus (Mr) of subgrade materials stabilized with CaO and cementitious materials, modelled using artificial neural network (ANN) and gene expression programming (GEP) has been studied here. For this purpose, a number of wet−dry cycles (WDC), calcium oxide to SAF (silica, alumina, and ferric oxide compounds in the cementitious materials) ratio (CSAFRs), ratio of maximum dry density to the optimum moisture content (DMR), confining pressure (σ3), and deviator stress (σ4) were considered input variables, and Mr was treated as the target variable. Different ANN and GEP prediction models were developed, validated, and tested using 30% of the experimental data. Additionally, they were evaluated using statistical indices, such as the slope of the regression line between experimental and predicted results and the relative error analysis. The slope of the regression line for the ANN and GEP models was observed as (0.96, 0.99, and 0.94) and (0.72, 0.72, and 0.76) for the training, validation, and test data, respectively. The parametric analysis of the ANN and GEP models showed that Mr increased with the DMR, σ3, and σ4. An increase in the number of WDCs reduced the Mr value. The sensitivity analysis showed the sequences of importance as: DMR > CSAFR > WDC > σ4 > σ3, (ANN model) and DMR > WDC > CSAFR > σ4 > σ3 (GEP model). Both the ANN and GEP models reflected close agreement between experimental and predicted results; however, the ANN model depicted superior accuracy in predicting the Mr value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaffayatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fazal E. Jalal
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Digital Maintenance of Buildings and Infrastructure, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (F.E.J.); or (M.I.)
| | - Mohsin Ali Khan
- Department of Structural Engineering, Military College of Engineering (MCE), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
- Department of Civil Engineering, CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Babatunde Abiodun Salami
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Nasir Amin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.A.)
| | - Anas Abdulalim Alabdullah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.A.)
| | - Qazi Samiullah
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Abdullah Mohammad Abu Arab
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.N.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.M.A.A.)
| | - Muhammad Iftikhar Faraz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Digital Maintenance of Buildings and Infrastructure, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (F.E.J.); or (M.I.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
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Estimating Flexural Strength of FRP Reinforced Beam Using Artificial Neural Network and Random Forest Prediction Models. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112270. [PMID: 35683942 PMCID: PMC9183020 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An accurate calculation of the flexural capacity of flexural members is vital for the safe and economical design of FRP reinforced structures. The existing empirical models are not accurately calculating the flexural capacity of beams and columns. This study investigated the estimation of the flexural capacity of beams using non-linear capabilities of two Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, namely Artificial neural network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) Regression. The models were trained using optimized hyperparameters obtained from the trial-and-error method. The coefficient of correlation (R), Mean Absolute Error, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were observed as 0.99, 5.67 kN-m, and 7.37 kN-m, for ANN, while 0.97, 7.63 kN-m, and 8.02 kN-m for RF regression model, respectively. Both models showed close agreement between experimental and predicted results; however, the ANN model showed superior accuracy and flexural strength performance. The parametric and sensitivity analysis of the ANN models showed that an increase in bottom reinforcement, width and depth of the beam, and increase in compressive strength increased the bending moment capacity of the beam, which shows the predictions by the model are corroborated with the literature. The sensitivity analysis showed that variation in bottom flexural reinforcement is the most influential parameter in yielding flexural capacity, followed by the overall depth and width of the beam. The change in elastic modulus and ultimate strength of FRP manifested the least importance in contributing flexural capacity.
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Amin MN, Iqbal M, Jamal A, Ullah S, Khan K, Abu-Arab AM, Al-Ahmad QMS, Khan S. GEP Tree-Based Prediction Model for Interfacial Bond Strength of Externally Bonded FRP Laminates on Grooves with Concrete Prism. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102016. [PMID: 35631902 PMCID: PMC9143863 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reinforced concrete structures are subjected to frequent maintenance and repairs due to steel reinforcement corrosion. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates are widely used for retrofitting beams, columns, joints, and slabs. This study investigated the non-linear capability of artificial intelligence (AI)-based gene expression programming (GEP) modelling to develop a mathematical relationship for estimating the interfacial bond strength (IBS) of FRP laminates on a concrete prism with grooves. The model was based on five input parameters, namely axial stiffness (Eftf), width of FRP plate (bf), concrete compressive strength (fc′), width of groove (bg), and depth of the groove (hg), and IBS was considered the target variable. Ten trials were conducted based on varying genetic parameters, namely the number of chromosomes, head size, and number of genes. The performance of the models was evaluated using the correlation coefficient (R), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The genetic variation revealed that optimum performance was obtained for 30 chromosomes, 11 head sizes, and 4 genes. The values of R, MAE, and RMSE were observed as 0.967, 0.782 kN, and 1.049 kN for training and 0.961, 1.027 kN, and 1.354 kN. The developed model reflected close agreement between experimental and predicted results. This implies that the developed mathematical equation was reliable in estimating IBS based on the available properties of FRPs. The sensitivity and parametric analysis showed that the axial stiffness and width of FRP are the most influential parameters in contributing to IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nasir Amin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.K.); (A.M.A.-A.); (Q.M.S.A.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-13-589-5431; Fax: +966-13-581-7068
| | - Mudassir Iqbal
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Digital Maintenance of Buildings and Infrastructure, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Arshad Jamal
- Transportation and Traffic Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahid Ullah
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Kaffayatullah Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.K.); (A.M.A.-A.); (Q.M.S.A.-A.)
| | - Abdullah M. Abu-Arab
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.K.); (A.M.A.-A.); (Q.M.S.A.-A.)
| | - Qasem M. S. Al-Ahmad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia; (K.K.); (A.M.A.-A.); (Q.M.S.A.-A.)
| | - Sikandar Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;
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