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Santos T, Santos C, Aquino M, Mavinkere Rangappa S, Siengchin S, Nascimento J, Medeiros I. Effects of UV sensitivity and accelerated photo-aging on stab resistance of ρ-aramid fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluids (STFs). Heliyon 2023; 9:e15020. [PMID: 37082640 PMCID: PMC10112031 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of Kevlar in the field of ballistic and stabbing protection has been studied by researchers in polymeric composites for this purpose. This study presents complementary knowledge on energy absorption and dissipation in ρ-aramid fabric impregnated with shear thickening fluids (STFs), especially aiming to obtain better protection against impacts that are deeply associated with STFs, as well as color change, accelerated aging (QUV), and penetration depth (drop tower test). In addition, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed. The research shows that there was a good distribution of STF particles on the ρ-Aramid fabric surface, promoting increased friction between the interfilament and the yarns, further increasing performance and, consequently, improving the energy absorption and dissipation mechanism and, also, the penetration effectiveness in relation to non-impregnated ρ-Aramid fabric. Regarding the protection efficiency against UV exposure (250-400 nm region), there was a significantly decreased compared to those non-impregnated Kevlar® woven with STFs. The FTIR analysis showed that the conditions of aging, after exposure to UV, did not produce new functional groups, that is, there was no chemical modification. Finally, Kevlar fabric impregnated with STFs improved penetration depth performance with the blades independent of the blade type with up to 81% increase in resistance. This result was improved due to interactions between the nanoparticles present in STFs, yarns, and even high-performance woven impregnated with shear-thickening fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Santos
- Textile Engineering Post Graduation Program (PPGET), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Caroliny Santos
- Textile Engineering Post Graduation Program (PPGET), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Marcos Aquino
- Textile Engineering Post Graduation Program (PPGET), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - J.H.O. Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Prof. Sen. Salgado Filho, 3000, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970, Brazil
- Micro and Nanotechnologies Innovation Research Group, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ivan Medeiros
- Textile Engineering Post Graduation Program (PPGET), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Effect of Aging on Unidirectional Composite Laminate Polyethylene for Body Armor. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061347. [PMID: 36987127 PMCID: PMC10058555 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction of ballistic-resistant body armor is experiencing an increasing use of flexible unidirectional (UD) composite laminates that comprise multiple layers. Each UD layer contains hexagonally packed high-performance fibers with a very low modulus matrix (sometimes referred to as binder resins). Laminates are then made from orthogonal stacks of these layers, and these laminate-based armor packages offer significant performance advantages over standard woven materials. When designing any armor system, the long-term reliability of the armor materials is critical, particularly with regard to stability with exposure to temperature and humidity, as these are known causes of degradation in commonly used body armor materials. To better inform future armor designers, this work investigates the tensile behavior of an ultra-high molar mass polyethylene (UHMMPE) flexible UD laminate that was aged for at least 350 d at two accelerated conditions: 70 °C at 76% relative humidity (RH) and 70 °C in a desiccator. Tensile tests were performed at two different loading rates. The mechanical properties of the material after ageing demonstrated less than 10% degradation in tensile strength, indicating high reliability for armor made from this material.
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Żurowski R, Tryznowski M, Gürgen S, Szafran M, Świderska A. The Influence of UV Radiation Aging on Degradation of Shear Thickening Fluids. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093269. [PMID: 35591603 PMCID: PMC9100338 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Shear thickening fluids (STFs) are innovative materials that can find applications in smart body armor. However, the usage of STFs is limited by the aging of these materials. This work aims to analyze the influence of UV radiation on the aging process of STFs. The investigation was done experimentally, and artificial aging was applied to investigate the impact of UV radiation on the properties of STFs. The shear-thickening properties of obtained STFs were confirmed by viscosity measurements. The STFs based on PPG425, PPG2700, and KE-P10 exhibited a very high maximum viscosity of up to 580.7 Pa·s and 3313 Pa·s for the STF425 and STF2700, respectively. The aging of the obtained STFs caused the liquid matrix degradation, causing damage to the STFs and their change from liquid into solid. Furthermore, the FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies were used for the confirmation of the breakdown of STFs. The FT-IR spectroscopy revealed the appearance of carbonyl groups in STFs after aging. Moreover, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the typical groups containing carbonyl groups. Our results demonstrate that STFs are UV light-sensitive and may lose their properties during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Żurowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (R.Ż.); (M.S.); (A.Ś.)
| | - Mariusz Tryznowski
- Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Selim Gürgen
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskişehir, Turkey;
| | - Mikołaj Szafran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (R.Ż.); (M.S.); (A.Ś.)
| | - Aleksandra Świderska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland; (R.Ż.); (M.S.); (A.Ś.)
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