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Anwajler B, Witek-Krowiak A. Three-Dimensional Printing of Multifunctional Composites: Fabrication, Applications, and Biodegradability Assessment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7531. [PMID: 38138674 PMCID: PMC10744785 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, with its wide range of printable materials, and ability to minimize material usage, reduce labor costs, and minimize waste, has sparked a growing enthusiasm among researchers for the production of advanced multifunctional composites. This review evaluates recent reports on polymer composites used in 3D printing, and their printing techniques, with special emphasis on composites containing different types of additives (inorganic and biomass-derived) that support the structure of the prints. Possible applications for additive 3D printing have also been identified. The biodegradation potential of polymeric biocomposites was analyzed and possible pathways for testing in different environments (aqueous, soil, and compost) were identified, including different methods for evaluating the degree of degradation of samples. Guidelines for future research to ensure environmental safety were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Anwajler
- Department of Energy Conversion Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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McNiffe E, Ritter T, Higgins T, Sam-Daliri O, Flanagan T, Walls M, Ghabezi P, Finnegan W, Mitchell S, Harrison NM. Advancements in Functionally Graded Polyether Ether Ketone Components: Design, Manufacturing, and Characterisation Using a Modified 3D Printer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2992. [PMID: 37514382 PMCID: PMC10383721 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionally Graded Materials represent the next generation of engineering design for metal and plastic components. In this research, a specifically modified and optimised 3D printer was used to manufacture functionally graded polyether ether ketone components. This paper details the design and manufacturing methodologies used in the development of a polyether ether ketone printer capable of producing functionally graded materials through the manipulation of microstructure. The interaction of individually deposited beads of material during the printing process was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, to observe and quantify the porosity levels and interlayer bonding strength, which affects the quality of the final parts. Specimens were produced under varying process conditions and tested to characterise the influence of the process conditions on the resulting material properties. The specimens printed at high enclosure temperatures exhibited greater strength than parts printed without the active addition of heat, due to improved bond formation between individual layers of the print and a large degree of crystallinity through maintenance at these elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric McNiffe
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Tobias Ritter
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Tom Higgins
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Omid Sam-Daliri
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Tomas Flanagan
- Éire Composites Teo, Údarás Industrial Estate, An Choill Rua, Inverin, Co., H91 Y923 Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael Walls
- CTL Tástáil Teo, Údarás Industrial Estate, An Choill Rua, Inverin, Co., H91 Y923 Galway, Ireland
| | - Pouyan Ghabezi
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Construct Innovate & SFI MaREI Research Centre, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - William Finnegan
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Construct Innovate & SFI MaREI Research Centre, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- I-Form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noel M Harrison
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Construct Innovate & SFI MaREI Research Centre, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
- I-Form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Moreira AA, de Carvalho FA, Bilck AP, de Paula MT, Mali S, Yamashita F, de Oliveira ALM. Tannin improves the processability and delays the biodegradability of poly (lactic acid)‐starch‐based thermoset materials produced by injection molding made with renewable compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Aleixo Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Fabíola Azanha de Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos CCA, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Bilck
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos CCA, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Suzana Mali
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
| | - Fabio Yamashita
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos CCA, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina Brazil
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Fico D, Rizzo D, De Carolis V, Montagna F, Esposito Corcione C. Sustainable Polymer Composites Manufacturing through 3D Printing Technologies by Using Recycled Polymer and Filler. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183756. [PMID: 36145901 PMCID: PMC9504255 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the excessive use of plastic and other synthetic materials, that are generally difficult to dispose of, has caused growing ecological worries. These are contributing to redirecting the world’s attention to sustainable materials and a circular economy (CE) approach using recycling routes. In this work, bio-filaments for the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technique were produced from recycled polylactic acid (PLA) and artisanal ceramic waste by an extrusion process and fully characterized from a physical, thermal, and mechanical point of view. The data showed different morphological, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of the two produced filaments. Furthermore, the 3D objects produced from the 100% recycled PLA filament showed lower mechanical performance. However, the results have demonstrated that all the produced filaments can be used in a low-cost FFF commercial printer that has been modified with simple hand-made operations in order to produce 3D-printed models. The main objective of this work is to propose an example of easy and low-cost application of 3D printing that involves operations such as the reprocessing and the recyclability of materials, that are also not perfectly mechanically performing but can still provide environmental and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fico
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela Rizzo
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Valentina De Carolis
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Montagna
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Failures and Flaws in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additively Manufactured Polymers and Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the potential failures and flaws associated with fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology are highlighted. The focus of this article is on presenting the failures and flaws that are caused by the operational standpoints and which are based on the many years of experience with current and emerging materials and equipment for the 3D printing of polymers and composites using the FDM/FFF method. FDM or FFF 3D printing, which is also known as an additive manufacturing (AM) technique, is a material processing and fabrication method where the raw material, usually in the form of filaments, is added layer-by-layer to create a three-dimensional part from a computer designed model. As expected, there are many advantages in terms of material usage, fabrication time, the complexity of the part, and the ease of use in FDM/FFF, which are extensively discussed in many articles. However, to upgrade the application of this technology from public general usage and prototyping to large-scale production use, as well as to be certain about the integrity of the parts even in a prototype, the quality and structural properties of the products become a big concern. This study provides discussions and insights into the potential factors that can cause the failure of 3D printers when producing a part and presents the type and characteristics of potential flaws that can happen in the produced parts. Common defects posed by FDM printing have been discussed, and common nondestructive detection methods to identify these flaws both in-process and after the process is completed are discussed. The discussions on the failures and flaws in machines provides useful information on troubleshooting the process if they happen, and the review on the failures and flaws in parts helps researchers and operators learn about the causes and effects of the flaws in a practical way.
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