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Alao PF, Press R, Ruponen J, Mikli V, Kers J. Influence of Protic Ionic Liquid-Based Flame Retardant on the Flammability and Water Sorption of Alkalized Hemp Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3661. [PMID: 37765515 PMCID: PMC10534385 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This article investigates the effects of combining a novel protic ionic liquid-based fire retardant (FR) with alkalized hemp fiber. A pivotal importance of this study refers to the hydrophilic properties and limits regarding poor thermal resistance of green composites where standard guidelines for fire risks are crucial. Although it is well-studied that alkalization is essential for green composite's moisture and mechanical durability, research on the flammability of such a combined treatment for natural fiber-reinforced biopolymer composites is lacking. The alkaline treatment used in the current study follows a process already studied as optimal, particularly for the selected hemp fiber. The fire performance was examined using a bench scale approach based on self and piloted ignition from cone calorimeter tests. The result from the Fourier-transform infrared analysis of the hemp fiber confirms phosphorylation following the fire-retardant treatment, which was visible from the morphological examination with scanning electron microscope. The presence of FR in the composites led to impactful moisture sorption. However, the FR composites demonstrated an enhanced response to fire, indicating potential use as a Class B standard for building construction, and hazard level 3 (HL3) classification as an interior material in vehicles, provided the problem of high emission of smoke is mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy Festus Alao
- Department of Material and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Raimond Press
- Department of Material and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jussi Ruponen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Valdek Mikli
- Department of Polymer Materials, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaan Kers
- Department of Material and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
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Su J, Jiang Z, Fang C, Zheng Y, Yang M, Pei L, Huang Z. The Reinforcing Effect of Waste Corrugated Paper Fiber on Polylactic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173562. [PMID: 36080634 PMCID: PMC9460597 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the recycle value of waste paper and promote circular economic development, waste corrugated paper fiber (WCPF) was used as a reinforcing agent to prepare waste corrugated paper fiber/polylactic acid (WCPF/PLA) composites via dichloromethane solvent which can be reused. The WCPF in the waste corrugated paper is extracted by beating in a Valli beating machine for different time lengths and grinding in a disc grinder. The effects of beating time and the content of WCPF on the microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition process, and crystallization properties of the WCPF/PLA composite were studied. The result shows that the WCPF can be well separated from each other and can be evenly dispersed in the PLA matrix. When 25 wt% WCPF which was beat for 30 min was used, the composite has the greatest improvement in tensile property. This study provides a new process for the recycling of waste paper in the application of polymer reinforcement. The research on waste paper fiber and degradable polymer composite is of great significance for reducing environmental pollutants and developing circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Su
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Changqing Fang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yamin Zheng
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Mannan Yang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Lu Pei
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Processing and Quality Evaluation Technology of Green Plastics of China National Light Industry Council, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (Z.H.)
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Xue G, Sun B, Han L, Liu B, Liang H, Pu Y, Tang H, Ma F. Triblock Copolymer Compatibilizers for Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of a Renewable Bio-Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132734. [PMID: 35808779 PMCID: PMC9269499 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an emerging plastic that has insufficient properties (e.g., it is too brittle) for widespread commercial use. Previous research results have shown that the strength and toughness of basalt fiber reinforced PLA composites (PLA/BF) still need to be improved. To address this limitation, this study aimed to obtain an effective compatibilizer for PLA/BF. Melt-blending of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with PLA in the presence of 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI: 0.5 wt% of the total resin) afforded PLA/PBAT-MDI triblock copolymers. The triblock copolymers were melt-blended to improve the interfacial adhesion of PLA/BF and thus obtain excellent performance of the PLA-ternary polymers. This work presents the first investigation on the effects of PLA/PBAT-MDI triblock copolymers as compatibilizers for PLA/BF blends. The resultant mechanics, the morphology, interface, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the PLA-bio polymers were comprehensively examined via standard characterization techniques. The crystallinity of the PLA-ternary polymers was as high as 43.6%, 1.44× that of PLA/BF, and 163.5% higher than that of pure PLA. The stored energy of the PLA-ternary polymers reached 20,306.2 MPa, 5.5× than that of PLA/BF, and 18.6× of pure PLA. Moreover, the fatigue life of the PLA-ternary polymers was substantially improved, 5.85× than that of PLA/PBAT-MDI triblock copolymers. Thus, the PLA/PBAT-MDI triblock copolymers are compatibilizers that improve the mechanical properties of PLA/BF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Bohua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lu Han
- Changguang Jizhi Optical Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130022, China;
| | - Baichuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Hongyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Yongfeng Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Hongming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China;
| | - Fangwu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China; (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.L.); (Y.P.); (F.M.)
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