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Shakoor M, Shakoor MB, Jilani A, Ahmed T, Rizwan M, Dustgeer MR, Iqbal J, Zahid M, Yong JWH. Enhancing the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue with Graphene Oxide-Encapsulated g-C 3N 4/ZnO Ternary Composites. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16187-16195. [PMID: 38617626 PMCID: PMC11007858 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) is a toxic contaminant present in wastewater. Here, we prepared various composites of graphene oxide (GO) with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and zinc oxide (ZnO) for the degradation of MB. In comparison to ZnO (22.9%) and g-C3N4/ZnO (76.0%), the ternary composites of GO/g-C3N4/ZnO showed 90% photocatalytic degradation of MB under a light source after 60 min. The experimental setup and parameters were varied to examine the process and effectiveness of MB degradation. Based on the results of the experiments, a proposed photocatalytic degradation process that explains the roles of GO, ZnO, and g-C3N4 in improving the photocatalytic efficacy of newly prepared GO/g-C3N4/ZnO was explored. Notably, the g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposite's surface was uniformly covered with ZnO nanorods. The images of the samples clearly demonstrated the porous nature of GO/g-C3N4/ZnO photocatalysts, and even after being mixed with GO, the g-C3N4/ZnO composite retained the layered structure of the original material. The catalyst's porous structure plausibly enhanced the degradation of the contaminants. The high-clarity production of g-C3N4 and the effectiveness of the synthesis protocol were later validated by the absence of any trace contamination in the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results. The composition of the ZnO elements and their spectra were revealed by the EDS results of the prepared ZnO nanorods, g-C3N4/ZnO, and GO/g-C3N4/ZnO. The outcomes indicated that the nanocomposites were highly uncontaminated and contained all necessary elements to facilitate the transformative process. The results of this experiment could be applied at a large scale, thus proving the effectiveness of photocatalysts for the removal of dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad
Hassan Shakoor
- Department
of Chemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Shakoor
- College
of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University
of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Asim Jilani
- Center
of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Toheed Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Raza Dustgeer
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Center
of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- Department
of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, 23456 Alnarp, Sweden
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2
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Shee NK, Lee GS, Kim HJ. Sn(IV)porphyrin-Incorporated TiO 2 Nanotubes for Visible Light-Active Photocatalysis. Molecules 2024; 29:1612. [PMID: 38611891 PMCID: PMC11013583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, two distinct photocatalysts, namely tin(IV)porphyrin-sensitized titanium dioxide nanotubes (SnP-TNTs) and titanium dioxide nanofibers (TNFs), were synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. SnP-TNTs were formed through the hydrothermal reaction of NaOH with TiO2 (P-25) nanospheres in the presence of Sn(IV)porphyrin (SnP), resulting in a transformation into Sn(IV)porphyrin-imbedded nanotubes. In contrast, under similar reaction conditions but in the absence of SnP, TiO2 (P-25) nanospheres evolved into nanofibers (TNFs). Comparative analysis revealed that SnP-TNTs exhibited a remarkable enhancement in the visible light photodegradation of model pollutants compared to SnP, TiO2 (P-25), or TNFs. The superior photodegradation activity of SnP-TNTs was primarily attributed to synergistic effects between TiO2 (P-25) and SnP, leading to altered conformational frameworks, increased surface area, enhanced thermo-chemical stability, unique morphology, and outstanding visible light photodegradation of cationic methylene blue dye (MB dye). With a rapid removal rate of 95% within 100 min (rate constant = 0.0277 min-1), SnP-TNTs demonstrated excellent dye degradation capacity, high reusability, and low catalyst loading, positioning them as more efficient than conventional catalysts. This report introduces a novel direction for porphyrin-incorporated catalytic systems, holding significance for future applications in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hee-Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
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3
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Majeed A, Ibrahim AH, Al-Rawi SS, Iqbal MA, Kashif M, Yousif M, Abidin ZU, Ali S, Arbaz M, Hussain SA. Green Organo-Photooxidative Method for the Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12069-12083. [PMID: 38496983 PMCID: PMC10938592 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This study used an organophoto-oxidative material to degrade the toxic azo dye, methylene blue (MB), due to its hazardous effects on aquatic life and humans. MB is traditionally degraded using metal-based catalysts, resulting in high costs. Several organic acids were screened for organo-photooxidative applications against various azo dyes, and ascorbic acid (AA), also known as vitamin C, was found to be best for degradation due to its high photooxidative activity. It is an eco-friendly, edible, and efficient photooxidative material. A photocatalytic box has been developed for the study of organo-photooxidative activity. It was found that when AA was added, degradation efficiency increased from 42 to 95% within 240 min. Different characterization techniques, such as HPLC and GC-MS, were used after degradation for the structural elucidation of degraded products. DFT study was done for the investigation of the mechanistic study behind the degradation process. A statistical tool, RSM, was used for the optimization of parameters (concentration of dye, catalyst, and time). This study develops sustainable and effective solutions for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Majeed
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad38000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad H. Ibrahim
- Pharmacy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International
University, 100Mt. St, Near Baz Intersection, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Sawsan S. Al-Rawi
- Biology
Education Department, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, 100Mt. St, Near Baz Intersection, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Muhammad Adnan Iqbal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad38000, Pakistan
- Synthetic
Organometallic and Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department
of Mathematics and Statistics, University
of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yousif
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad38000, Pakistan
| | - Zain Ul Abidin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad38000, Pakistan
| | - Shahzaib Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arbaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad38000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Arslan Hussain
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Faisalabad38000, Pakistan
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4
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Yitagesu G, Leku DT, Workneh GA. Green Synthesis of TiO 2 Using Impatiens rothii Hook. f. Leaf Extract for Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue Dye. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43999-44012. [PMID: 38027313 PMCID: PMC10666146 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were effectively synthesized by a green method using the Impatiens rothii Hook.f. leaf (IL) extract as a capping and reducing agent. The as-synthesized TiO2 NPs were characterized by different characterization methods such as the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The specific surface area from BET analysis was found to be 65 m2/g. The average crystallite size from XRD analysis and average particle size from SEM analysis were found to be ∼11 and ∼25 nm, respectively. The Raman spectroscopy and XRD results showed that the biosynthesized (IL-TiO2) nanoparticles were purely anatase phase. XPS analysis illustrated the formation of Titania with an oxidation state of +4. The DRS study showcased that a blue-shifted intense absorption peak of IL-TiO2 (3.39 eV) compared to the bulk material reported in the literature (3.2 eV). HRTEM micrograph showed the presence of grain boundary with d spacings of 0.352, 0.245, and 0.190, which correspond to the lattice planes of (101), (004), and (200), respectively. From the EDX analysis, the weight percents of titanium and oxygen were found to be 54.33 and 45.67%, respectively. The photoinduced degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was investigated in the presence of biosynthesized IL-TiO2 NPs photocatalyst. The effect of parameters like catalyst dosage (30 mg/L), initial concentration of MB (15 ppm), pH (10.5), and contact time (100 min) on the removal efficiency was optimized. The maximum photodegradation efficiency under the optimized conditions was found to be 98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getye
Behailu Yitagesu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama P.O. Box 1888, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Tsegaye Leku
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama P.O. Box 1888, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Adam Workneh
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry, Addis Ababa Science
and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, Ethiopia
- Sustainable
Energy Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa
Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, Ethiopia
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Syed N, Feng Y, Fahad R, Huang J, Mahar FK. Carbon‐based composite nanofibers for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under visible light. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noureen Syed
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 People's Republic of China
- Department of Textile Engineering Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro 76060 Pakistan
| | - Yongqiang Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Raja Fahad
- Department of Textile Engineering Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro 76060 Pakistan
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 People's Republic of China
| | - Faraz Khan Mahar
- Department of Textile Engineering Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro 76060 Pakistan
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6
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Barcelos DA, Gonçalves MC. Daylight Photoactive TiO 2 Sol-Gel Nanoparticles: Sustainable Environmental Contribution. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2731. [PMID: 37049025 PMCID: PMC10095711 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-photoactive titania micro- or nanoparticles excel in a wide range of industrial areas, particularly in environmental remediation. The sol-gel methodology is one pivotal technique which has been successfully used to synthesize either crystalline and amorphous TiO2 micro- and nanoparticles due to its outstanding chemical simplicity and versatility, along with the green chemistry approach. This short review aims to collect and discuss the most recent developments in visible-light-photoactive titania-based nanoparticles in the environmental remediation area. Titania co-doping, titania composite design, and, recently, amorphous networks have been the most used strategies to address this goal. Finally, a prediction regarding the future of these fields is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alves Barcelos
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal
| | - Maria Clara Gonçalves
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Medeiros AR, Lima FDS, Rosenberger AG, Dragunski DC, Muniz EC, Radovanovic E, Caetano J. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/Poly(lactic acid) Polymeric Blends Electrospun with TiO 2-R/Fe 3O 4 for Pollutant Photodegradation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030762. [PMID: 36772062 PMCID: PMC9921010 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to use the electrospinning technique to obtain PBAT/PLA polymer fibers, with the semiconductors rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2-R) and magnetite iron oxide (Fe3O4), in order to promote the photocatalytic degradation of environmental contaminants. The parameters used in the electrospinning process to obtain the fibers were distance from the needle to the collecting target of 12 cm, flow of 1 mL h-1 and voltage of 14 kV. The best mass ratio of semiconductors in the polymeric fiber was defined from a 22 experimental design, and the values obtained were 10% TiO2-R, 1% Fe3O4 at pH 7.0. Polymer fibers were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques. SEM measurements indicated a reduction in fiber diameter after the incorporation of semiconductors; for the PBAT/PLA fiber, the average diameter was 0.9466 ± 0.2490 µm, and for the fiber with TiO2-R and Fe3O4 was 0.6706 ± 0.1447 µm. In the DSC, DRX, TGA and FTIR analyses, it was possible to identify the presence of TiO2-R and Fe3O4 in the fibers, as well as their interactions with polymers, demonstrating changes in the crystallinity and degradation temperature of the material. These fibers were tested against Reactive Red 195 dye, showing an efficiency of 64.0% within 24 h, showing promise for photocatalytic degradation of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Douglas Cardoso Dragunski
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná—UNIOESTE, Toledo 85903-000, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, 5790 Colombo Avenue, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Edvani Curti Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, 5790 Colombo Avenue, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Petronio Portella, Ininga, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil
- Department of Material Science, Federal University of Technology—Parana, Estr. dos Pioneiros, 3131, Jardim Morumbi, Londrina 86036-370, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Radovanovic
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, 5790 Colombo Avenue, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Josiane Caetano
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná—UNIOESTE, Toledo 85903-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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8
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Fabrication of SPR triggered Ag-CuO composite from Cu(II)-Schiff base complex for enhanced visible-light-driven degradation of single and binary-dyes and fluorometric detection of nitroaromatic compounds. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Biosynthesis of Nickel oxide nanoparticles using Evolvulus alsinoides extract and their potential photocatalytic and invitro anticancer activity. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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10
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Zahmatkesh S, Hajiaghaei-Keshteli M, Bokhari A, Sundaramurthy S, Panneerselvam B, Rezakhani Y. Wastewater treatment with nanomaterials for the future: A state-of-the-art review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114652. [PMID: 36309214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are both threatened by toxic wastewater. The unique properties of nanomaterials are currently being studied thoroughly for treating sewage. Nanomaterials also have the advantage of being capable of removing organic matter, fungi, and viruses from wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes are used in nanomaterials to treat wastewater. Additionally, nanomaterials have a large effective area of contact due to their tiny dimensions. The adsorption and reactivity of nanomaterials are strong. Wastewater treatment would benefit from the development of nanomaterial technology. Second, the paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the unique characteristics of nanomaterials in wastewater treatment, their proper use, and their prospects. In addition to focusing on their economic feasibility, since limited forms of nanomaterials have been manufactured, it is also necessary to consider their feasibility in terms of their technical results. According to this study, the significant adsorption area, excellent chemical reaction, and electrical conductivity of nanoparticles (NPs) contribute to the successful treatment of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico.
| | | | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Suresh Sundaramurthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, 462 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Yousof Rezakhani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran
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Kumar A, Raorane CJ, Syed A, Bahkali AH, Elgorban AM, Raj V, Kim SC. Synthesis of TiO 2, TiO 2/PAni, TiO 2/PAni/GO nanocomposites and photodegradation of anionic dyes Rose Bengal and thymol blue in visible light. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114741. [PMID: 36347394 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, fast-growing industrialization has resulted in the release of enormous amounts of contaminants such as toxic dyes into water bodies and leading to cause health and environmental risks. In this regard, we prepared inorganic nanocomposites for the treatment of toxic dyes. Hence, we synthesized TiO2/PAni/GO nanocomposites and examined them by using XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, BET analysis, and a photoluminescence investigation. In addition, band gap energies of the nanocomposites were determined, and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) testing was used to determine dye degradation levels. The photocatalytic degradations of Thymol Blue and Rose Bengal dyes were investigated at different dye concentrations, illumination periods, solution pH values, and photocatalyst dosages. By using TiO2/PAni/GO, TiO2/PAni, and TiO2 at neutral pH, a photocatalyst dose of 1600 mg/L, and exposure to visible light, Thymol Blue and Rose Bengal were photodegraded 85-99%, 60-97%, and 10-20%, respectively, at a concentration of 25 ppm (180 min). Reductions in the TOCs confirmed their photodegradation, and a kinetic study revealed photodegradation followed first-order kinetics. This study shows the coating of polyaniline (PAni) and graphene oxide (GO) on TiO2 improved its ability to photodegrade Thymol Blue and Rose Bengal dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Siddharth University, Kapilvastu, Siddharthnagar, (U.P.) 272202, India.
| | | | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H Bahkali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinit Raj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong Cheol Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
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