Drug-Loaded Chitosan Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

Chitosan-based dental barrier membrane for periodontal guided tissue regeneration and guided bone regeneration: A review

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) are two common dental regenerative procedures used to repair periodontal defects caused by periodontitis. In both procedures, a barrier membrane is placed at the interface between the soft tissue and the periodontal defect, serving to impede the infiltration of soft tissue while creating a secluded space for periodontal regeneration. Recently, barrier membranes based on chitosan (CS) have emerged as a promising avenue for these applications. However, despite numerous studies on the development of CS-based membranes, comprehensive review articles specifically addressing their progress in GTR/GBR applications remain scarce. Herein, we review recent research and advancements in the use of CS-based membranes for periodontal GTR and GBR. The review begins by highlighting the advantageous properties of CS that make it a suitable biomaterial for GTR/GBR applications. Next, the development of composite CS-based membranes, reinforced with various compositions like bioactive fillers and therapeutic agents, is discussed in detail based on recent literature, with a focus on their enhanced efficacy in promoting periodontal regeneration. Finally, the review explores the emergence of functionally graded CS-based membranes, emphasizing their potential to address specific challenges encountered in GTR/GBR procedures.

Application of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in periodontal regeneration: Opportunities and challenges

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) has been widely used in the periodontal treatment of intrabony and furcation defects for nearly four decades. The treatment outcomes have shown effectiveness in reducing pocket depth, improving attachment gain and bone filling in periodontal tissue. Although applying GTR could reconstruct the periodontal tissue, the surgical indications are relatively narrow, and some complications and race ethic problems bring new challenges. Therefore, it is challenging to achieve a consensus concerning the clinical benefits of GTR. With the appearance of stem cell-based regenerative medicine, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been considered a promising cell resource for periodontal regeneration. In this review, we highlight preclinical and clinical periodontal regeneration using MSCs derived from distinct origins, including non-odontogenic and odontogenic tissues and induced pluripotent stem cells, and discuss the transplantation procedures, therapeutic mechanisms, and concerns to evaluate the effectiveness of MSCs.

Exploring the potential of polysaccharides-based injectable self-healing hydrogels for wound healing applications: A review

In recent decades, significant advancements have been made in wound healing treatments, mainly due to the development of biopolymer-based hydrogels. These injectable self-healing hydrogels have attracted considerable interest because of their unique attributes, including reversible chemistry, injectability, and printability. Unlike traditional hydrogels, injectable polysaccharide-based self-healing hydrogels offer numerous benefits. They can be tailored to fit individual patients, significantly advancing personalized medicine. Upon injection, these hydrogels transform in situ into a substance that effectively covers the entire lesion in all three dimensions, reaching irregular and deep lesions. Injectable self-healing hydrogels also play a pivotal role in promoting tissue regeneration. Their diffusive and viscoelastic properties allow for the controlled delivery of cells or therapeutics in a spatiotemporal manner, provide mechanical support, and facilitate the local recruitment and modulation of host cells. Consequently, these hydrogels have revolutionized innovative approaches to tissue regeneration and are ideally suited for managing chronic wounds. This review paper presents a comprehensive classification of injectable self-healing hydrogels commonly used in chronic wound repair and provides a detailed analysis of the various applications of injectable self-healing hydrogels in treating chronic wounds, thereby illuminating this rapidly evolving field.

Microbiological evaluation of vitamin C rich acerola mediated silver and copperoxide nanogel in treatment of periodontitis with and without diabetes mellitus

Aim

Nanotechnology presents a promising approach for managing chronic periodontitis, a common oral disease characterized by gum inflammation and loss of supporting bone around teeth. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of acerola-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gel and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) gel in periodontitis patients with and without diabetes.

Materials and methods

The antimicrobial efficacy of acerola-mediated AgNPs gel and CuONPs nanogel was assessed using the agar well diffusion technique, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) analysis, time-kill curve assay, and cytoplasmic and protein leakage analysis from periodontitis patients with and without diabetes.

Results

The study found that acerola-mediated AgNPs gel demonstrated more consistent and effective antimicrobial activity against periodontitis, with lower MIC and MBC values compared to the CuONPs gel, across all tested concentrations. These results suggest that acerola-mediated AgNPs gel may be a more effective and targeted therapeutic agent for periodontal disease management.

Conclusion

The findings emphasize the importance of nanoparticle gel concentration in optimizing periodontal treatment outcomes. Acerola-mediated AgNPs gel, with its superior efficacy and consistency in bactericidal activity, shows significant potential for periodontal therapy.

Clinical significance

Innovative nanoparticles like copper and silver oxides exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making them promising agents for targeting periodontal pathogens. Acerola (Malpighia emarginata), with its high vitamin C content and antioxidant properties, is beneficial in mitigating oxidative stress associated with chronic periodontitis.

Chitosan, a Natural Polymer, is an Excellent Sustained-Release Carrier for Amide Local Anesthetics

Local anesthetics, particularly amide types, play a crucial role in perioperative anesthesia to alleviate pain and manage chronic, long-term pain, with their brief effect period remaining a universal challenge that needs resolution. There is a high anticipation for creating materials that maintain prolonged effectiveness of local anesthetics through a straightforward administration technique. Chitosan is the most typical natural amino polymer, which is highly reactive and easy to modify. It has been widely and deeply used in the field of medicine. At present, it is mainly used in tissue regeneration and repair, hemostasis and wound healing, antibacterial and anti-infection, disease diagnosis and treatment detection, and drug delivery. In the field of anesthesia, chitosan is regarded as a potential perfect carrier for the sustained release of amide local anesthetics. This document aims to analyze the current application of chitosan as a prolonged-release substance in amide-type local anesthetics, encapsulate the associated research advancements, and subsequently investigate the practicality and prospects of its medical uses.

Nanomaterials: innovative approaches for addressing key objectives in periodontitis treatment

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily caused by dental plaque, which is a significant global public health concern due to its high prevalence and severe impact on oral, and even systemic diseases. The current therapeutic plan focuses on three objectives: pathogenic bacteria inhibition, inflammation control, and osteogenic differentiation induction. Existing treatments still have plenty of drawbacks, thus, there is a pressing need for novel methods to achieve more effective treatment effects. Nanomaterials, as emerging materials, have been proven to exert their inherent biological properties or serve as stable drug delivery platforms, which may offer innovative solutions in periodontitis treatment. Nanomaterials utilized in periodontitis treatment fall into two categories, organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Organic nanomaterials are known for their biocompatibility and their potential to promote tissue regeneration and cell functions, including natural and synthetic polymers. Inorganic nanomaterials, such as metal, oxides, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles, exhibit unique physicochemical properties that make them suitable as antibacterial agents and drug delivery platforms. The inorganic nanosurface provides terrain induction for cell migration and osteogenic regeneration at defect sites by introducing different surface morphologies. Inorganic nanomaterials also play a role in antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for eliminating pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity. In this review, we will introduce multiple forms and applications of nanomaterials in periodontitis treatment and focus on their roles in addressing the key therapeutic objectives, to emphasize their promising future in achieving more effective and patient-friendly approaches toward periodontal tissue regeneration and overall health.

Biomaterial Scaffolds for Periodontal Tissue Engineering

Advanced periodontitis poses a significant threat to oral health, causing extensive damage and loss of both hard and soft periodontal tissues. While traditional therapies such as scaling and root planing can effectively halt the disease's progression, they often fail to fully restore the original architecture and function of periodontal tissues due to the limited capacity for spontaneous regeneration. To address this challenge, periodontal tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach. This technology centers on the utilization of biomaterial scaffolds, which function as three-dimensional (3D) templates or frameworks, supporting and guiding the regeneration of periodontal tissues, including the periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone, and gingival tissue. These scaffolds mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of native periodontal tissues, aiming to foster cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and, ultimately, the formation of new, functional periodontal structures. Despite the inherent challenges associated with preclinical testing, the intensification of research on biomaterial scaffolds, coupled with the continuous advancement of fabrication technology, leads us to anticipate a significant expansion in their application for periodontal tissue regeneration. This review comprehensively covers the recent advancements in biomaterial scaffolds engineered specifically for periodontal tissue regeneration, aiming to provide insights into the current state of the field and potential directions for future research.

Challenges of therapeutic applications and regenerative capacities of urine based stem cells in oral, and maxillofacial reconstruction

Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) have gained the attention of researchers in the biomedical field in the past few years . Regarding the several varieties of cells that have been used for this purpose, USCs have demonstrated mesenchymal stem cell-like properties, such as differentiation and immunomodulation. Furthermore, they could be differentiated into several lineages. This is very interesting for regenerative techniques based on cell therapy. This review will embark on describing their separation, and profiling. We will specifically describe the USCs characteristics, in addition to their differentiation potential. Then, we will introduce and explore the primary uses of USCs. These involve thier utilization as a platform to produce stem cells, however, we shall concentrate on the utilization of USCs for therapeutic, and regenerative orofacial applications, providing an in-depth evaluation of this purpose. The final portion will address the limitations and challenges of their implementation in regenerative dentistry.

Harnessing the power of bee venom for therapeutic and regenerative medical applications: an updated review

Honeybees have been helpful insects since ancient centuries, and this benefit is not limited to being a honey producer only. After the bee stings a person, pain, and swelling occur in this place, due to the effects of bee venom (BV). This is not a poison in the total sense of the word because it has many benefits, and this is due to its composition being rich in proteins, peptides, enzymes, and other types of molecules in low concentrations that show promise in the treatment of numerous diseases and conditions. BV has also demonstrated positive effects against various cancers, antimicrobial activity, and wound healing versus the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Even though topical BV therapy is used to varying degrees among countries, localized swelling or itching are common side effects that may occur in some patients. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the complex chemical composition of BV, highlighting the diverse range of bioactive compounds and their therapeutic applications, which extend beyond the well-known anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects, showcasing the versatility of BV in modern medicine. A specific search strategy was followed across various databases; Web of sciences, Scopus, Medline, and Google Scholar including in vitro and in vivo clinical studies.to outline an overview of BV composition, methods to use, preparation requirements, and Individual consumption contraindications. Furthermore, this review addresses safety concerns and emerging approaches, such as the use of nanoparticles, to mitigate adverse effects, demonstrating a balanced and holistic perspective. Importantly, the review also incorporates historical context and traditional uses, as well as a unique focus on veterinary applications, setting it apart from previous works and providing a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field.

Prospectives and challenges of nano-tailored biomaterials-assisted biological molecules delivery for tissue engineering purposes

Nano carriers have gained more attention for their possible medical and technological applications. Tailored nanomaterials can transport medications efficiently to targeted areas and allow for sustained medication discharge, reducing undesirable toxicities while boosting curative effectiveness. Nonetheless, transitioning nanomedicines from experimental to therapeutic applications has proven difficult, so different pharmaceutical incorporation approaches in nano scaffolds are discussed. Then numerous types of nanobiomaterials implemented as carriers and their manufacturing techniques are explored. This article is also supported by various applications of nanobiomaterials in the biomedical field.

Bioactive injectable mucoadhesive thermosensitive natural polymeric hydrogels for oral bone and periodontal regeneration

Periodontitis is an inflammation-related condition, caused by an infectious microbiome and host defense that causes damage to periodontium. The natural processes of the mouth, like saliva production and eating, significantly diminish therapeutic medication residency in the region of periodontal disease. Furthermore, the complexity and diversity of pathological mechanisms make successful periodontitis treatment challenging. As a result, developing enhanced local drug delivery technologies and logical therapy procedures provides the foundation for effective periodontitis treatment. Being biocompatible, biodegradable, and easily administered to the periodontal tissues, hydrogels have sparked substantial an intense curiosity in the discipline of periodontal therapy. The primary objective of hydrogel research has changed in recent years to intelligent thermosensitive hydrogels, that involve local adjustable sol-gel transformations and regulate medication release in reaction to temperature, we present a thorough introduction to the creation and efficient construction of new intelligent thermosensitive hydrogels for periodontal regeneration. We also address cutting-edge smart hydrogel treatment options based on periodontitis pathophysiology. Furthermore, the problems and prospective study objectives are reviewed, with a focus on establishing effective hydrogel delivery methods and prospective clinical applications.

Emerging roles of hydrogel in promoting periodontal tissue regeneration and repairing bone defect

Periodontal disease is the most common type of oral disease. Periodontal bone defect is the clinical outcome of advanced periodontal disease, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Promoting periodontal tissue regeneration and repairing periodontal bone defects is the ultimate treatment goal for periodontal disease, but the means and methods are very limited. Hydrogels are a class of highly hydrophilic polymer networks, and their good biocompatibility has made them a popular research material in the field of oral medicine in recent years. This paper reviews the current mainstream types and characteristics of hydrogels, and summarizes the relevant basic research on hydrogels in promoting periodontal tissue regeneration and bone defect repair in recent years. The possible mechanisms of action and efficacy evaluation are discussed in depth, and the application prospects are also discussed.

Macro, Micro, and Nano-Inspired Bioactive Polymeric Biomaterials in Therapeutic, and Regenerative Orofacial Applications

Introducing dental polymers has accelerated biotechnological research, advancing tissue engineering, biomaterials development, and drug delivery. Polymers have been utilized effectively in dentistry to build dentures and orthodontic equipment and are key components in the composition of numerous restorative materials. Furthermore, dental polymers have the potential to be employed for medication administration and tissue regeneration. To analyze the influence of polymer-based investigations on practical medical trials, it is required to evaluate the research undertaken in this sector. The present review aims to gather evidence on polymer applications in dental, oral, and maxillofacial reconstruction.

Assessment of bone morphogenetic protein-7 loaded chitosan/β-Glycerophosphate hydrogel on periodontium tissues regeneration of class III furcation defects

Background

Periodontitis is a long-term, multifactorial inflammatory condition that is triggered by bacterial germs and interacts with the host's immune system. The unique attachment of fibrous tissue between the cementum and bone presents a challenge for periodontal regeneration.

Aim

To achieve the lowest optimum dose of BMP-7 that helps in periodontal regeneration, involving newly formed cementum, PDL and bone.

Materials and methods

Five healthy mongrel dogs were used for the study. A critical class III furcation defect was created using rotating burs. The bone defects (ten defects for each group) were allocated to one of the subsequent groups: (Group 1) control with the surgical defect only. (Group 2) Surgical defect implanted with hydrogel only (CS/β-GP). (Group 3) Surgical defect implanted with CS/BMP-7 (50 ng/ml). (Group 4) Surgical defect implanted with CS/BMP-7 (100 ng/ml).

Results

Histomorphometric and H&E analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in bone, PDL, and cementum regeneration defects filled with CS/BMP-7 (100 ng/ml) compared with other groups.

Conclusion

The standard effective dose for BMP-7 use in periodontal regeneration is 100 ng/ml.

Chitosan-Based Smart Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Progress and Perspectives

Over the past decade, smart and functional biomaterials have escalated as one of the most rapidly emerging fields in the life sciences because the performance of biomaterials could be improved by careful consideration of their interaction and response with the living systems. Thus, chitosan could play a crucial role in this frontier field because it possesses many beneficial properties, especially in the biomedical field such as excellent biodegradability, hemostatic properties, antibacterial activity, antioxidant properties, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Furthermore, chitosan is a smart and versatile biopolymer due to its polycationic nature with reactive functional groups that allow the polymer to form many interesting structures or to be modified in various ways to suit the targeted applications. In this review, we provide an up-to-date development of the versatile structures of chitosan-based smart biomaterials such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, nanofibers, and films, as well as their application in the biomedical field. This review also highlights several strategies to enhance biomaterial performance for fast growing fields in biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems, bone scaffolds, wound healing, and dentistry.

Advances of Antimicrobial Peptide-Based Biomaterials for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections

Owing to the increase in multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates in hospitals globally and the lack of truly effective antimicrobial agents, antibiotic resistant bacterial infections have increased substantially. There is thus an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial drugs and their related formulations. In recent years, natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), AMP optimization, self-assembled AMPs, AMP hydrogels, and biomaterial-assisted delivery of AMPs have shown great potential in the treatment of bacterial infections. In this review, it is focused on the development prospects and shortcomings of various AMP-based biomaterials for treating animal model infections, such as abdominal, skin, and eye infections. It is hoped that this review will inspire further innovations in the design of AMP-based biomaterials for the treatment of bacterial infections and accelerate their commercialization.

Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration

Chitosan is a chitin-derived biopolymer that has shown great potential for tissue regeneration and controlled drug delivery. It has numerous qualities that make it attractive for biomedical applications such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and many others. Importantly, chitosan can be fabricated into a variety of structures including nanoparticles, scaffolds, hydrogels, and membranes, which can be tailored to deliver a desirable outcome. Composite chitosan-based biomaterials have been demonstrated to stimulate in vivo regeneration and the repair of various tissues and organs, including but not limited to, bone, cartilage, dental, skin, nerve, cardiac, and other tissues. Specifically, de novo tissue formation, resident stem cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix reconstruction were observed in multiple preclinical models of different tissue injuries upon treatment with chitosan-based formulations. Moreover, chitosan structures have been proven to be efficient carriers for medications, genes, and bioactive compounds since they can maintain the sustained release of these therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the most recently published applications of chitosan-based biomaterials for different tissue and organ regeneration as well as the delivery of various therapeutics.

Baghdadite: A Novel and Promising Calcium Silicate in Regenerative Dentistry and Medicine

For several years, ceramic biomaterials have been extensively utilized to rebuild and substitute for body tissues. Calcium silicates have been proven to exhibit excellent bioactivity due to apatite formation and cell proliferation stimulation, in addition to degradability at levels adequate for hard tissue formation. These ceramics' excellent biological characteristics have attracted researchers. Baghdadite is a calcium silicate incorporating zirconium ions that enhances human osteoblast multiplication and development, increasing mineralization, and ossification. It has currently received much interest in academic institutions and has been extensively explored in the form of permeable frameworks, varnishes, bone adhesive and gap fillings, microparticles, and nanospheres, particularly in a wide range of biomedical applications. This review article aims to summarize and analyze the most recent research on baghdadite's mechanical characteristics, apatite-forming capability, dissolution pattern, and physiochemical qualities as a scaffold for dentofacial tissuè regeneration purposes.