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Vulović S, Blatz MB, Bukorović J, Živković N, Todorović A, Vencl A, Milić Lemić A. Effect of acidic media on surface characteristics of highly filled flowable resin-based composites: An in vitro study. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024. [PMID: 39165048 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze and compare the impact of acidic media on the surface characteristics of highly filled flowable resin-based composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred fifty-six specimens were divided into four groups: GUF (G-aenial Universal Flo), GUI (G-aenial Universal Injectable), TEF (Tetric EvoFlow), and FSF (Filtek Supreme Flowable Restorative). Surface characteristics were analyzed before (T0) and after specimens immersion in different media, such as gastric juice (GJ), fizzy drink (FD), citric juice (CJ), or artificial saliva (AS), for 9 h (T1) and 18 h (T2). The analyses included surface roughness (SR) measurements, where average roughness (Ra) was obtained, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and surface hardness (SH) evaluation, with Vickers numbers (HV) reported. The differences in values among groups/subgroups within the same stage were assessed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test, whereas repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was performed to compare the changes in values through the stages. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). RESULTS At T0, GUI and GUF revealed lower Ra values (p < 0.05), more evenness in SEM micrographs, and higher HV values (p < 0.05) than FSF and TEF. At T1 and T2, specimens of all groups/subgroups demonstrated an increase in Ra and a decrease in HV compared with T0 (p < 0.05), as well as the changes in surface morphology on SEM micrographs. The lowest Ra and highest HV values were observed in GUI group, in contrast to FSF group, and in specimens immersed in GJ. CONCLUSIONS GUI revealed lower SR and higher SH compared to GUF and FSF both before and after exposure to acidic media. The presence of acidic media, especially GJ, significantly increases SR and decreases SH of tested materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Information on the changes in the surface characteristics of highly filled resin-based composites after exposure to acidic media may be essential for the longevity of restorations like composite veneers fabricated from these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vulović
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Markus B Blatz
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jovan Bukorović
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Živković
- Department of Restorative Odontology and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Todorović
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Vencl
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Milić Lemić
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Calheiros-Lobo MJ, Calheiros-Lobo JM, Carbas R, da Silva LFM, Pinho T. Shear Bond Strength of Simulated Single-Retainer Resin-Bonded Bridges Made of Four CAD/CAM Materials for Maxillary Lateral Incisor Agenesis Rehabilitation. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:796-807. [PMID: 38158209 PMCID: PMC11290928 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (MLIA), treated orthodontically by space opening, requires complimentary aesthetic rehabilitation. Resin-bonded bridges (RBBs) can be equated as interim rehabilitation until skeletal maturity is achieved to place an implant-supported crown or as definitive rehabilitation in case of financial restrictions or implant contraindications. Scientific evidence of the best material must be confirmed in specific clinical situations. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials are promising versatile restorative options. This study aimed to identify a straightforward material to deliver interim or definitive RBBs for nonprepared tooth replacement in MLIA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single-retainer RBB made from CAD/CAM ceramic blocks (Vita Enamic [ENA], Suprinity [SUP], and zirconia [Y-ZPT]) and a three-dimensional (3D) printed material (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS]) were evaluated by shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure, after adherence to an artificial tooth with RelyX Ultimate used in a three-step adhesive strategy. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The load to fracture (N) was recorded, and the mean shear stress (MPa) was calculated with standard deviations (SD) for each group and compared between materials using boxplot graphics. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test was used to compare the differences (α = 0.05). A meta-analysis focusing on CAD/CAM materials evaluated the magnitude of the difference between groups based on differences in means and effect sizes (α = 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]; Z-value = 1.96). Failure mode was determined by microscopic observation and correlated with the maximum load to fracture of the specimen. RESULTS The mean ± SD SBS values were ENA (24.24 ± 9.05 MPa) < ABS (24.01 ± 1.94 MPa) < SUP (29.17 ± 4.78 MPa) < Y-ZPT (37.43 ± 12.20 MPa). The failure modes were mainly adhesive for Y-ZPT, cohesive for SUP and ENA, and cohesive with plastic deformation for ABS. CONCLUSION Vita Enamic, Suprinity, Y-ZPT zirconia, and 3D-printed ABS RBBs are optional materials for rehabilitating MLIA. The option for each material is conditioned to estimate the time of use and necessity of removal for orthodontic or surgical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Calheiros-Lobo
- UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
- Conservative Dentistry, Department of Dental Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS(IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
| | | | - Ricardo Carbas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI - Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas F. M. da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI - Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Pinho
- UNIPRO - Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute of Innovation and Investigation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Scherer F, Wille S, Saure L, Schütt F, Wellhäußer B, Adelung R, Kern M. Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Infiltrated Tetrapodal Zinc Oxide in Different Variants. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2112. [PMID: 38730918 PMCID: PMC11084298 DOI: 10.3390/ma17092112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of weight ratio, the shape of the precursor particles, and the application of a phosphate-monomer-containing primer on the mechanical properties of polymer infiltrated ceramic networks (PICNs) using zinc oxide. Two different types of zinc oxide particles were used as precursors to produce zinc oxide networks by sintering, each with two different densities resulting in two different weight ratios of the PICNs. For each of these different networks, two subgroups were built: one involving the application of a phosphate-monomer-containing primer prior to the infiltration of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA and one without. Elastic modulus and flexural strength were determined by using the three-point bending test. Vertical substance loss determined by the chewing simulation was evaluated with a laser scanning microscope. There was a statistically significant influence of the type of precursor particles on the flexural strength and in some cases on the elastic modulus. The application of a primer lead to a significant increase in the flexural strength and in most cases also in the elastic modulus. A higher weight ratio of zinc oxide led to a significantly higher elastic modulus. Few statistically significant differences were found for the vertical substance loss. By varying the shape of the particles and the weight fraction of zinc oxide, the mechanical properties of the investigated PICN can be controlled. The use of a phosphate-monomer-containing primer strengthens the bond between the infiltrated polymer and the zinc oxide, thus increasing the strength of the composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Scherer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Sebastian Wille
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Lena Saure
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (L.S.); (F.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Fabian Schütt
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (L.S.); (F.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Benjamin Wellhäußer
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (L.S.); (F.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.W.); (M.K.)
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Tzimas K, Rahiotis C, Pappa E. Biofilm Formation on Hybrid, Resin-Based CAD/CAM Materials for Indirect Restorations: A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1474. [PMID: 38611989 PMCID: PMC11012497 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid materials are a recent addition in the field of restorative dentistry for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) indirect restorations. The long-term clinical success of modern dental restorative materials is influenced by multiple factors. Among the characteristics affecting the longevity of a restoration, the mechanical properties and physicοchemical interactions are of utmost importance. While numerous researchers constantly evaluate mechanical properties, the biological background of resin-based CAD/CAM biomaterials is scarcely investigated and, therefore, less described in the literature. This review aims to analyze biofilm formation on the surfaces of novel, hybrid, resin-based CAD/CAM materials and evaluate the methodological protocols followed to assess microbial growth. It is demonstrated that the surface structure, the composition and the finishing and polishing procedures on the surface of a dental restorative material influence initial bacterial adhesion; however, most studies focus on in vitro protocols, and in vivo and/or in situ research of microbiomics in CAD/CAM restorative materials is lacking, obstructing an accurate understanding of the bioadhesion phenomenon in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos Rahiotis
- Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.T.); (E.P.)
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Saláta J, Szabó F, Csuti P, Antal M, Márton P, Hermann P, Borbély J, Ábrám E. Effect of thickness, translucency, and substrates on the masking ability of a polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network material. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:886-895. [PMID: 37335072 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the masking ability of polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network materials (PICN) with different translucencies and thicknesses on multiple types of substrates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ceramic samples were prepared of VITA ENAMIC blocks in two different translucencies (2M2-T, 2M2-HT) in a thickness range of 0.5-2.5 mm (±0.05 mm). Layered specimens were obtained using composite substrates in nine shades and transparent try-in paste. Spectral reflectance of specimens was measured using a Konica Minolta CM-3720d spectrophotometer and D65 standard illumination. CIEDE2000 color difference (ΔE00 ) between two samples was evaluated using 50%:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds. Specular component of the reflection was examined with Specular Component Excluded (SCE) and Included (SCI) settings. Statistical evaluation was performed by linear regression analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test, and multiplicative effect analysis. RESULTS An increase in thickness of 0.5 mm reduces ΔE00 of HT samples to 73.5%, of T samples to 60.5% (p < 0.0001). Five substrates with HT specimens, and three substrates with T specimens had significantly different results from average (p < 0.05). There is a significant difference between SCE and SCI data depending on the wavelength (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Masking ability of PICN materials is influenced by the thickness and translucency of the ceramic, and by the substrate. Reflection of the examined PICN material is characterized by both diffuse and specular reflection. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although PICN materials have been available on the market for 10 years now, there is a lack of information regarding their masking ability. Acquiring in-depth data and thereby practical experience of the factors affecting the esthetics of PICN materials is essential for creating perfectly lifelike restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Saláta
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Károly Rácz Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Szabó
- LightingLab, Calibration Laboratory Ltd, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Péter Csuti
- LightingLab, Calibration Laboratory Ltd, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Melinda Antal
- Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Márton
- Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hermann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Borbély
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emese Ábrám
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Capobianco V, Baroudi K, Santos MJMC, Rubo JH, Rizkalla AS, Dal Piva AMDO, Vitti RP, Tribst JPM, Santos GC. Post-fatigue fracture load, stress concentration and mechanical properties of feldspathic, leucite- and lithium disilicate-reinforced glass ceramics. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17787. [PMID: 37449193 PMCID: PMC10336509 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the mechanical properties of different CAD/CAM ceramic systems and the post-fatigue fracture and stress distribution when used as cemented crowns. Materials and methods Sixty (60) CAD/CAM monolithic crowns were milled using three different ceramic materials (FD - Feldspathic [Vita Mark II]), LE - Leucite-based ceramic [IPS Empress CAD] and LD - Lithium Disilicate [IPS e.max CAD]) and adhesively cemented on resin composite dyes. Specimens were stored in distillated water (37 °C) for 7 days. After, half of the crowns were submitted to immediate fracture load test while the other half was submitted to fatigue cycling. The average cement layer of approximately 80 μm was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The average thickness was used in the three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element Analysis (FEA). For each ceramic material, the density, Poisson ratio, shear modulus, Young modulus, fracture toughness, and true hardness were assessed (n = 3). The data was used to assess the Maximum Principal Stress throughout 3D-FEA according to each material during load to fail and post-fatigue. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). Results LD showed the highest compression load, density, shear modulus, Young modulus, fracture toughness and true hardness values. While LE presented the lowest mechanical properties values. There is no difference in the Poisson ratio between the evaluated ceramics. Conclusion LD was susceptible to aging process but presented stronger physicomechanical properties, showing the highest post-fatigue fracture load and highest stress magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kusai Baroudi
- RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, RAS Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
- School of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amin S. Rizkalla
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Maria de Oliveira Dal Piva
- Department of Dental Materials, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA),Universiteit van Amsterdam en Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rafael Pino Vitti
- School of Dentistry, Herminio Ometto University Center, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Mendes Tribst
- Department of Reconstructive Oral Care, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA),Universiteit van Amsterdam en Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gildo Coelho Santos
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Lukomska-Szymanska M, Radwanski M, Kharouf N, Mancino D, Tassery H, Caporossi C, Inchingolo F, de Almeida Neves A, Chou YF, Sauro S. Evaluation of Physical-Chemical Properties of Contemporary CAD/CAM Materials with Chromatic Transition "Multicolor". MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4189. [PMID: 37297323 PMCID: PMC10254467 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of materials for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) has been rapidly increasing in daily practice. However, one of the main issues regarding modern CAD/CAM materials is their aging in the oral environment, which may lead to significant changes in their overall properties. The aim of this study was to compare the flexural strength, water sorption, cross-link density (softening ratio%), surface roughness, and SEM analysis of three modern CAD/CAM "multicolor" composites. Grandio (Grandio disc multicolor-VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany), Shofu (Shofu Block HC-Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan), and Vita (Vita Enamic multiColor-Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) were tested in this study. They were prepared in stick-shaped specimens and submitted to different tests after several aging protocols, such as thermocycling and mechanical cycle loading challenge. Further disc-shaped specimens were also created and tested for water sorption, cross-link density, surface roughness, and SEM ultramorphology, before and after storage in an ethanol-based solution. For flexural strength and ultimate tensile strength, Grandio showed the greatest values both at baseline and after aging (p < 0.05). Grandio and Vita Enamic presented the highest modulus of elasticity and the lowest water sorption (p < 0.05). A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in microhardness after ethanol storage (softening ratio%) was observed especially in Shofu. Grandio had the lowest roughness parameters compared to the other tested CAD/CAM materials, while ethanol storage significantly increased the Ra and RSm values in Shofu (p < 0.05). Despite the comparable modulus of elasticity of Vita and Grandio, this latter showed greater flexural strength and ultimate tensile strength both at baseline and after aging. Hence, Grandio and Vita Enamic may be employed for the anterior teeth and for those restorations requiring load-bearing capacity. Conversely, aging seems to affect several properties of Shofu, so its use for permanent restorations should be well-pondered based on the clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateusz Radwanski
- Department of Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.)
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Davide Mancino
- Department of Endodontics and Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.)
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Herve Tassery
- Ecole de Médecine Dentaire de Marseille, Université d’Aix-Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France
- Laboratoire Bioinginierie et Nanoscience, LBN, Université de Montpellier, 545 Pr JL Viala, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Aline de Almeida Neves
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-853, Brazil
| | - Yu Fu Chou
- Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Departamento de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/Del Pozo s/n, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Independent Researcher, Roma, 65B, 00030 Labico, Italy
- Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Departamento de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/Del Pozo s/n, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
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