Nanogels as Potential Delivery Vehicles in Improving the Therapeutic Efficacy of Phytopharmaceuticals

Nano-Formulations of Natural Antioxidants for the Treatment of Liver Cancer

Oxidative stress is a key factor in the pathological processes that trigger various chronic liver diseases, and significantly contributes to the development of hepatocarcinogenesis. Natural antioxidants reduce oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and play a crucial role in the treatment of free-radical-induced liver diseases. However, their efficacy is often limited by poor bioavailability and metabolic stability. To address these limitations, recent advances have focused on developing nano-drug delivery systems that protect them from degradation and enhance their therapeutic potential. Among the several critical benefits, they showed to be able to improve bioavailability and targeted delivery, thereby reducing off-target effects by specifically directing the antioxidant to the liver tumor site. Moreover, these nanosystems led to sustained release, prolonging the therapeutic effect over time. Some of them also exhibited synergistic effects when combined with other therapeutic agents, allowing for improved overall efficacy. This review aims to discuss recent scientific advances in nano-formulations containing natural antioxidant molecules, highlighting their potential as promising therapeutic approaches for the treatment of liver cancer. The novelty of this review lies in its comprehensive focus on the latest developments in nano-formulations of natural antioxidants for the treatment of liver cancer.

Advances in hybridized nanoarchitectures for improved oro-dental health

On a global note, oral health plays a critical role in improving the overall human health. In this vein, dental-related issues with dentin exposure often facilitate the risk of developing various oral-related diseases in gums and teeth. Several oral-based ailments include gums-associated (gingivitis or periodontitis), tooth-based (dental caries, root infection, enamel erosion, and edentulous or total tooth loss), as well as miscellaneous diseases in the buccal or oral cavity (bad breath, mouth sores, and oral cancer). Although established conventional treatment modalities have been available to improve oral health, these therapeutic options suffer from several limitations, such as fail to eradicate bacterial biofilms, deprived regeneration of dental pulp cells, and poor remineralization of teeth, resulting in dental emergencies. To this end, the advent of nanotechnology has resulted in the development of various innovative nanoarchitectured composites from diverse sources. This review presents a comprehensive overview of different nanoarchitectured composites for improving overall oral health. Initially, we emphasize various oral-related diseases, providing detailed pathological circumstances and their effects on human health along with deficiencies of the conventional therapeutic modalities. Further, the importance of various nanostructured components is emphasized, highlighting their predominant actions in solving crucial dental issues, such as anti-bacterial, remineralization, and tissue regeneration abilities. In addition to an emphasis on the synthesis of different nanostructures, various nano-therapeutic solutions from diverse sources are discussed, including natural (plant, animal, and marine)-based components and other synthetic (organic- and inorganic-) architectures, as well as their composites for improving oral health. Finally, we summarize the article with an interesting outlook on overcoming the challenges of translating these innovative platforms to clinics.

The Application of Nanogels as Efficient Drug Delivery Platforms for Dermal/Transdermal Delivery

The delivery of active molecules via the skin seems to be an efficient technology, given the various disadvantages of oral drug administration. Skin, which is the largest human organ of the body, has the important role of acting as a barrier for pathogens and other molecules including drugs; in fact, it serves as a primary defense system blocking any particle from entering the body. Therefore, to overcome the skin barriers and poor skin permeability, researchers implement novel carriers which can effectively carry out transdermal delivery of the molecules. Another significant issue which medical society tries to solve is the effective dermal delivery of molecules especially for topical wound delivery. The application of nanogels is only one of the available approaches offering promising results for both dermal and transdermal administration routes. Nanogels are polymer-based networks in nanoscale dimensions which have been explored as potent carriers of poorly soluble drugs, genes and vaccines. The nanogels present unique physicochemical properties, i.e., high surface area, biocompatibility, etc., and, importantly, can improve solubility. In this review, authors aimed to summarize the available applications of nanogels as possible vehicles for dermal and transdermal delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients and discuss their future in the pharmaceutical manufacturing field.

Oral hydrogel nanoemulsion co-delivery system treats inflammatory bowel disease via anti-inflammatory and promoting intestinal mucosa repair

BACKGROUND

Due to oral nano-delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are often failed to accumulated to the colonic site and could not achieve controlled drug release, it's urgent to develop a microenvironment responsive drug delivery to improve therapy efficacy. Inflammation at the IBD site is mainly mediated by macrophages, which are the key effector cells. Excessive inflammation leads to oxidative stress and intestinal mucosal damage. The use of curcumin (CUR) and emodin (EMO) together for the treatment of IBD is promising due to their respective anti-inflammatory and intestinal mucosal repair effects. In view of the pH gradient environment of gastrointestinal tract, here we prepared pH-responsive sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel-coated nanoemulsions to co-deliver CUR and EMO (CUR/EMO NE@SA) to achieve controlled drug release and specifically target macrophages of the colon.

RESULTS

In this study, a pH-responsive CUR/EMO NE@SA was successfully developed, in which the CUR/EMO NE was loaded by chitosan and further crosslinked with sodium alginate. CUR/EMO NE@SA had a pH-responsive property and could achieve controlled drug release in the colon. The preparation could significantly alleviate and improve the colon inflammatory microenvironment by decreasing TNF-α and IL-6 expression, increasing IL-10 expression, scavenging reactive oxygen species in macrophages, and by ameliorating the restoration of intestinal mucosal tight junction protein expression. Furthermore, we revealed the molecular mechanism of the preparation for IBD treatment, which might due to the CUR and EMO synergic inhibition of NF-κB to improve the pro-inflammatory microenvironment. Our study provides a new IBD therapy strategy via synergically inhibiting inflammatory, repairing mucosal and clearing ROS by pH-sensitive hydrogel-encapsulated nanoemulsion drug delivery system, which might be developed for other chronic inflammatory disease treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

It's suggested that pH-sensitive hydrogel-coated nanoemulsion-based codelivery systems are a promising combinatorial platform in IBD.

Phosphatidylcholine (PCL) fortified nano-phytopharmaceuticals for improvement of therapeutic efficacy

Phytopharmaceuticals, derived from plants, are increasingly recognized for their potential therapeutic benefits. However, their effectiveness is often hindered by challenges such as poor bioavailability, stability, and targeted delivery. In this study, we aimed to address these limitations by developing PCL (phosphatidylcholine) fortified nano-phytopharmaceuticals to enhance therapeutic efficacy. PCL, a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, was employed to encapsulate the phytopharmaceuticals, thereby improving their stability and bioavailability. The encapsulation process utilized nanoprecipitation, resulting in the formation of nanoparticles with controlled size and morphology. Various analytical techniques were employed to characterize the physicochemical properties of PCL fortified nano-phytopharmaceuticals, including dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the release kinetics of encapsulated phytopharmaceuticals from PCL nanoparticles were evaluated, demonstrating sustained and controlled release profiles, essential for prolonged therapeutic effects. Cytotoxicity studies conducted on in vitro cell culture models confirmed the biocompatibility and non-toxic nature of the developed nano-phytopharmaceuticals. Additionally, in vivo studies were conducted to assess the therapeutic efficacy of PCL fortified nano-phytopharmaceuticals in animal models. The results showIased improved bioavailability, targeted tissue distribution, and enhanced therapeutic effects compared to free phytopharmaceuticals. Moreover, the developed nano-phytopharmaceuticals exhibited prolonged circulation time in the bloodstream, enabling improved drug delivery and reduced dosing frequency. This review highlights the promising potential of PCL fortified nano-phytopharmaceuticals as an effective approach for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of phytopharmaceuticals. The improved stability, bioavailability, sustained release, and targeted delivery achieved through this formulation strategy offer promising opportunities for advancing plant-based therapies. See also the Graphical abstract(Fig. 1).

Topical treatment of tea saponin stabilized silybin nanocrystal gel reduced oxidative stress in UV-induced skin damage

UV-induced peroxidation is a significant factor in skin damage. Some natural products have been utilized to protect the skin. However, most of them suffer from issues such as poor bioavailability. A promising strategy is to prepare them as safe and convenient gels. In this study, we constructed Silybin Nanocrystal Gel (SIL-NG). Tea saponin, a spatial stabilizer that we have previously reported, was used to prepare SIL-NS and subsequently combined with xanthan gum to prepare SIL-NG with an excellent safety profile. This nanogel with a natural stabilizer has a suitable ductility and shows a good safety profile in vitro and in vivo. In L929 cells, SIL-NG was able to reduce H₂O₂-induced ROS levels. In addition, SIL-NG exhibited better antioxidant activity compared to SIL-NS. SIL-NG was able to reduce UVB irradiation-induced oxidative damage in mice, significantly increase SOD activity, and reduce MDA levels. In conclusion, our work gives a new perspective on the treatment of UV skin damage using natural ingredients.

Nanosystems for Brain Targeting of Antipsychotic Drugs: An Update on the Most Promising Nanocarriers for Increased Bioavailability and Therapeutic Efficacy

Orally administered antipsychotic drugs are the first-line treatment for psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, adverse drug reactions jeopardize clinical outcomes, resulting in patient non-compliance. The design formulation strategies for enhancing brain drug delivery has been a major challenge, mainly due to the restrictive properties of the blood-brain barrier. However, recent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic in vivo assays confirmed the advantage of the intranasal route when compared to oral and intravenous administration, as it allows direct nose-to-brain drug transport via neuronal pathways, reducing systemic side effects and maximizing therapeutic outcomes. In addition, the incorporation of antipsychotic drugs into nanosystems such as polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric mixed micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, nanoemulgels, nanosuspensions, niosomes and spanlastics, has proven to be quite promising. The developed nanosystems, having a small and homogeneous particle size (ideal for nose-to-brain delivery), high encapsulation efficiency and good stability, resulted in improved brain bioavailability and therapeutic-like effects in animal models. Hence, although it is essential to continue research in this field, the intranasal delivery of nanosystems for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other related disorders has proven to be quite promising, opening a path for future therapies with higher efficacy.