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Gleason KK. Designing Organic and Hybrid Surfaces and Devices with Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306665. [PMID: 37738605 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) technique is an all-dry method for designing organic and hybrid polymers. Unlike methods utilizing liquids or line-of-sight arrival, iCVD provides conformal surface modification over intricate geometries. Uniform, high-purity, and pinhole-free iCVD films can be grown with thicknesses ranging from >15 µm to <5 nm. The mild conditions permit damage-free growth directly onto flexible substrates, 2D materials, and liquids. Novel iCVD polymer morphologies include nanostructured surfaces, nanoporosity, and shaped particles. The well-established fundamentals of iCVD facilitate the systematic design and optimization of polymers and copolymers. The functional groups provide fine-tuning of surface energy, surface charge, and responsive behavior. Further reactions of the functional groups in the polymers can yield either surface modification, compositional gradients through the layer thickness, or complete chemical conversion of the bulk film. The iCVD polymers are integrated into multilayer device structures as desired for applications in sensing, electronics, optics, electrochemical energy storage, and biotechnology. For these devices, hybrids offer higher values of refractive index and dielectric constant. Multivinyl monomers typically produce ultrasmooth and pinhole-free and mechanically deformable layers and robust interfaces which are especially promising for electronic skins and wearable optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Brinza M, Schröder S, Ababii N, Gronenberg M, Strunskus T, Pauporte T, Adelung R, Faupel F, Lupan O. Two-in-One Sensor Based on PV4D4-Coated TiO 2 Films for Food Spoilage Detection and as a Breath Marker for Several Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050538. [PMID: 37232899 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Certain molecules act as biomarkers in exhaled breath or outgassing vapors of biological systems. Specifically, ammonia (NH3) can serve as a tracer for food spoilage as well as a breath marker for several diseases. H2 gas in the exhaled breath can be associated with gastric disorders. This initiates an increasing demand for small and reliable devices with high sensitivity capable of detecting such molecules. Metal-oxide gas sensors present an excellent tradeoff, e.g., compared to expensive and large gas chromatographs for this purpose. However, selective identification of NH3 at the parts-per-million (ppm) level as well as detection of multiple gases in gas mixtures with one sensor remain a challenge. In this work, a new two-in-one sensor for NH3 and H2 detection is presented, which provides stable, precise, and very selective properties for the tracking of these vapors at low concentrations. The fabricated 15 nm TiO2 gas sensors, which were annealed at 610 °C, formed two crystal phases, namely anatase and rutile, and afterwards were covered with a thin 25 nm PV4D4 polymer nanolayer via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) and showed precise NH3 response at room temperature and exclusive H2 detection at elevated operating temperatures. This enables new possibilities in application fields such as biomedical diagnosis, biosensors, and the development of non-invasive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Brinza
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Stefan Schröder
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolai Ababii
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Monja Gronenberg
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thierry Pauporte
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris-IRCP, Chimie ParisTech, PSL Université, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleg Lupan
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris-IRCP, Chimie ParisTech, PSL Université, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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