Development of Polydiphenylamine@Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrode for the D-Penicillamine Sensor from Human Blood Serum Samples Using Amperometry

Construction and Application of an Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of D-Penicillamine Based on Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

D-penicillamine (D-PA) is a sulfur-containing drug that has been used for various health conditions. However, like any medication, overdosing on D-PA can have adverse effects and may require additional treatment. Therefore, developing simple and sensitive methods for sensing D-PA can play a crucial role in improving its efficacy and reducing its side effects. Sensing technologies, such as electrochemical sensors, can enable accurate and real-time measurement of D-PA concentrations. In this work, we developed a novel electrochemical sensor for detecting D-PA by modifying a carbon paste electrode (CPE) with a multi-walled carbon nanotube-Co3O4 nanocomposite, benzoyl-ferrocene (BF), and ionic liquid (IL) (MWCNT-Co3O4/BF/ILCPE). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry (CHA) were employed to explore the electrochemical response of D-PA on the developed sensor, the results of which verified a commendable electrochemical performance towards D-PA. Under optimized conditions, the developed sensor demonstrated a rapid response to D-PA with a linear dynamic range of 0.05 μM-100.0 μM, a low detection limit of 0.015 μM, and a considerable sensitivity of 0.179 μA μM-1. Also, the repeatability, stability, and reproducibility of the MWCNT-Co3O4/BF/ILCPE sensor were studied and showed good characteristics. In addition, the detection of D-PA in pharmaceutical and biological matrices yielded satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviation (RSD) values.