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Alateyah AI, BaQais A, Ahmed MMZ, Zedan Y, Alawad MO, El-Asfoury MS, El-Garaihy WH. Improved corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of severely deformed ZM31 alloy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26400. [PMID: 38390184 PMCID: PMC10882142 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structure of Mg alloys lead to poor formability as well as other undesirable mechanical behaviors in an otherwise highly sought-after alloy for commercial use. This study investigates the evolution of microstructure, texture, corrosion and mechanical behaviors in Mg-Zn-Mn (ZM31) alloy after processing using Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). Dynamic recrystallization was evident in the ECAP-processed samples, correlated with a substantial fiber structure, and resulted in the attainment of notable grain refinement and high lattice strain. Average grain sizes of 2.2 and 2 μm were achieved via 2 and 4-Pass Bc processing, respectively. This significant refinement yielded lower corrosion rates through enhancement of the thickness, coherency, and stability of formed protective oxide layers. The corrosion rate in the NaCl medium was substantially enhanced by 99.5% after four passes via route Bc. The recrystallized fine structure was found to have contributed to yield strength, ultimate strength, and microhardness improvements. Deformation enhanced yield and ultimate strengths by 132% and 64%, respectively. The distinctive grain refinement mechanism exhibited through the current ECAP procedure has potential to pave the way for novel and impactful utilizations of ZM31 in industries that demand exceptional mechanical and corrosion performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Alateyah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah, 56452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal BaQais
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Z Ahmed
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Al Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez, 43511, Egypt
| | - Yasser Zedan
- École de Technologie Supérieure, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1100 Notre-Dame West, Montreal, QC H4J1J9, Canada
| | - Majed O Alawad
- Center of Excellence for Nanomaterials for Clean Energy Applications, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S El-Asfoury
- Production Engineering and Mechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Port-Said University, Port- Said, 42523, Egypt
| | - W H El-Garaihy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah, 56452, Saudi Arabia
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Shi B, Li YR, Xu J, Zou J, Zhou Z, Jia Q, Jiang HB, Liu K. Advances in amelioration of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on biodegradable magnesium and alloys. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24348. [PMID: 38434039 PMCID: PMC10906185 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys are considered excellent materials for biodegradable implants because of their good biocompatibility and biodegradability as well as their mechanical properties. However, the rapid degradation rate severely limits their clinical applications. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), also known as micro-arc oxidation (MAO), is an effective surface modification technique. However, there are many pores and cracks on the coating surface under conventional PEO process. The corrosive products tend to penetrate deeply into the substrate, reducing its corrosion resistance and the biocompatibility, which makes PEO-coated Mg difficult to meet the long-term needs of in vivo implants. Hence, it is necessary to modify the PEO coating. This review discusses the formation mechanism and the influential parameters of PEO coatings on Mg. This is followed by a review of the latest research of the pretreatment and typical amelioration of PEO coating on biodegradable Mg alloys in the past 5 years, including calcium phosphate (Ca-P) coating, layered double hydroxide (LDH)-PEO coating, ZrO2 incorporated-PEO coating, antibacterial ingredients-PEO coating, drug-PEO coating, polymer-PEO composite coating, Plasma electrolytic fluorination (PEF) coating and self-healing coating. Meanwhile, the improvements of morphology, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, biocompatibility, antibacterial abilities, and drug loading abilities and the preparation methods of the modified PEO coatings are deeply discussed as well. Finally, the challenges and prospects of PEO coatings are discussed in detail for the purpose of promoting the clinical application of biodegradable Mg alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Shi
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club & Department of Stomatological Technology, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Ru Li
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club & Department of Stomatological Technology, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club & Department of Stomatological Technology, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Jiawei Zou
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club & Department of Stomatological Technology, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Zili Zhou
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club & Department of Stomatological Technology, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heng Bo Jiang
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club & Department of Stomatological Technology, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Liu
- The CONVERSATIONALIST Club & Department of Stomatological Technology, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
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Wu S, Chen B. Surface Coatings of Reinforcement Phases in Magnesium Matrix Composites: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7560. [PMID: 38138703 PMCID: PMC10745127 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium matrix composites have been extensively investigated due to their light weight and machinability. The interfaces are the most important part of these composites, and their properties determine the properties of composites to a large extent. However, there are still many problems with interface bonding. The reinforcements are faced with the dilemma of poor dispersion, bad interfacial reaction, and poor wettability, which limits further improvements in the mechanical properties. Surface coating treatment of reinforcements is considered to be one of the effective methods to protect reinforcements and modify the interface. This review presents an overview of different coating materials on various reinforcements. The major roles of coatings in the composites and the properties of the composites are discussed. Future directions and potential research areas in the field of magnesium matrix composites reinforced with coated reinforcements are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
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Daavari M, Atapour M, Mohedano M, Matykina E, Arrabal R, Nesic D. Biological Performance of Duplex PEO + CNT/PCL Coating on AZ31B Mg Alloy for Orthopedic and Dental Applications. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:475. [PMID: 37754889 PMCID: PMC10532417 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To regulate the degradation rate and improve the surface biocompatibility of the AZ31B magnesium alloy, three different coating systems were produced via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO): simple PEO, PEO incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PEO + CNT), and a duplex coating that included a polycaprolactone top layer (PEO + CNT/PCL). Surfaces were characterized by chemical content, roughness, topography, and wettability. Biological properties analysis included cell metabolism and adhesion. PEO ± CNT resulted in an augmented surface roughness compared with the base material (BM), while PCL deposition produced the smoothest surface. All surfaces had a contact angle below 90°. The exposure of gFib-TERT and bmMSC to culture media collected after 3 or 24 h did not affect their metabolism. A decrease in metabolic activity of 9% and 14% for bmMSC and of 14% and 29% for gFib-TERT was observed after 3 and 7 days, respectively. All cells died after 7 days of exposure to BM and after 15 days of exposure to coated surfaces. Saos-2 and gFib-TERT adhered poorly to BM, in contrast to bmMSC. All cells on PEO anchored into the pores with filopodia, exhibited tiny adhesion protrusions on PEO + CNT, and presented a web-like spreading with lamellipodia on PEO + CNT/PCL. The smooth and homogenous surface of the duplex PEO + CNT/PCL coating decreased magnesium corrosion and led to better biological functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Daavari
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran;
| | - Masoud Atapour
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran;
| | - Marta Mohedano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (E.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Endzhe Matykina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (E.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Raul Arrabal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (E.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Dobrila Nesic
- Division of Fixed Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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